KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, 3D modeling, RGB color model, Luminescence, 3D acquisition, Infrared imaging, Visible radiation, 3D image processing, 3D metrology, Sensors
3D measurement and modelling have been traditionally applied to statues, buildings, archeological sites or similar large structures, but rarely to paintings. Recently, however, 3D measurements have been performed successfully also on easel paintings, allowing to detect and document the painting's surface. We used 3D models to integrate the results of various 2D imaging techniques on a common reference frame. These applications show how the 3D shape information, complemented with 2D colour maps as well as with other types of sensory data, provide the most interesting information.
The 3D data acquisition was carried out by means of two devices: a high-resolution laser micro-profilometer, composed of a commercial distance meter mounted on a scanning device, and a laser-line scanner. The 2D data acquisitions were carried out using a scanning device for simultaneous RGB colour imaging and IR reflectography, and a UV fluorescence multispectral image acquisition system. We present here the results of the techniques described, applied to the analysis of an important painting of the Italian Reinassance: `Madonna dei Fusi', attributed to Leonardo da Vinci.
KEYWORDS: Data acquisition, Image registration, Stereoscopy, Three dimensional sensing, RGB color model, 3D metrology, 3D modeling, 3D acquisition, Infrared imaging, Ultraviolet radiation
We describe the application of 2D and 3D data acquisition and mutual registration to the conservation of paintings. RGB color image acquisition, IR and UV fluorescence imaging, together with the more recent hyperspectral imaging (32 bands) are among the most useful techniques in this field. They generally are meant to provide information on the painting materials, on the employed techniques and on the object state of conservation. However, only when the various images are perfectly registered on each other and on the 3D model, no ambiguity is possible and safe conclusions may be drawn. We present the integration of 2D and 3D measurements carried out on two different paintings: "Madonna of the Yarnwinder" by Leonardo da Vinci, and "Portrait of Lionello d'Este", by Pisanello, both painted in the XV century.
We report about a recent implementation of the INOA scanning device for infrared reflectography. The realization of a new optical head allows the simultaneous acquisition of the reflectogram and the colour image of the painting, perfectly superimposing. We show two example of application of this new device in the analysis of two ancient paintings: the Madonna con Bambino e Santi by Matteo di Giovanni and the La Tempesta by Giorgione.
KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Laser scanners, 3D metrology, 3D scanning, Data modeling, Data acquisition, Systems modeling, 3D-TOF imaging, Scanners, Calibration
The realization of an accurate 3D model of a building, a piece of architecture or a terrain has been a prerogative of the photogrammetric systems for a long time. However, recent developments in opto-electronic technology and 3D analysis software made the production of 3D models by laser scanning a practical proposition. The main advantages of laser scanners are accuracy and speed, allowing, thus, the collecting of data on a dense sampling of the object. For many architectural and industrial applications it is important to integrate the data acquired with different instruments, but a problem met with many commercial systems is the lack of compatibility with classic survey methodologies. Moreover, superimposition of results from different techniques is possible only if the output is metrically correct. This work is aimed at showing the results of some architectural and archaeological surveys realized by means of a 3D scanning device, based on the Time-Of-Flight (TOF) technology. The instrument, devoted to architectural applications in the Cultural Heritage field, was set up in order to provide the characteristics of reliability and compatibility to other systems. Such a device is composed by a high precision scanning system equipped with a commercial low-cost distance-meter.
KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Diagnostics, 3D image processing, Infrared imaging, Ultraviolet radiation, Luminescence, 3D metrology, Superposition, CCD cameras, Data integration
Imaging techniques are widely used for the diagnostics of paintings. The results, collected by applying various imaging techniques are generally compared by the art historian who studies the object. These 2D data can be effectively integrated to form a multi-dimensional dataset, and added to a 3D digital model of the painting, thus creating a complete package of information about the opera. In this work we present some examples of applications of data integration with measurements performed on some important panel paintings. The imaging analysis was carried out by applying techniques such as infrared reflectography, colour and false colour imaging and ultraviolet fluorescence. The IR reflectogram, the false colour and the colour image are simultaneously acquired with a scanning device characterized by a high resolution (16 dots/mm2), a high tonal dynamic and point-to-point correspondence between these three images. A multi-spectral device, based on a high-resolution CCD camera, is used for UV fluorescence. The 3D relief was obtained by means of scanning micro-profilometry with a quota resolution of about 1 micron. The integration of the 3D model with the results given by several imaging techniques greatly increases the information and it eases the analysis of the painting under investigation.
KEYWORDS: Statistical analysis, Data acquisition, 3D modeling, Diagnostics, In situ metrology, Microscopes, Computing systems, 3D scanning, 3D metrology, Optical components
The knowledge of the shape of an artwork is an important element for its study and conservation. When dealing with a statue, roughness measurement is a very useful contribution to document its surface conditions, to assess either changes due to restoration intervention or surface decays due to wearing agents, and to monitor its time-evolution in terms of shape variations. In this work we present the preliminary results of the statistical analysis carried out on acquired data relative to six areas of the Michelangelo’s David marble statue, representative of differently degraded surfaces. Determination of the roughness and its relative characteristic wavelength is shown.
Infrared reflectography is a prominent optical technique for non-destructive diagnostics of paintings, which allows the visualisation of details hidden by the paint layers, because of their transparency characteristics to IR radiation. High-resolution reflectography was introduced around the end of the 80s by the Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Applicata, where a prototype of an innovative scanner device was developed. This technique was recently improved with the introduction of a new optical head, able to acquire simultaneously the reflectogram and the colour image, perfectly superimposing. The technical characteristics of the IR-colour scanner guarantee: a high spatial resolution (16 points/mm2), a high tonal dynamics (thousands of grey levels), a uniform lighting of the scanned area and the punctual superimposition of the colour and IR images. Moreover we can print distortion-free reflectograms, false-colour and colour images of paintings on a 1:1 scale. The quality of the acquired reflectogram is presently higher than that obtainable with any traditional detection system, like CCD or Vidicon cameras. The point-by-point comparison between the reflectogram and the colour image of the painting, along with digital processing of the recorded images, open new possibilities for the analysis of the reflectogram. Some examples of application to the study of ancient paintings are shown.
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