We review the phase-matching properties of AgGa1–xInxSe2 for second-harmonic generation of a CO2 laser at 10.7186–9.2714 μm. The refined Sellmeier equations for AgInSe2 coupled with our previously published Sellmeier equations for AgGaSe2 are found to reproduce well the critical phase-matching conditions at 10.5910–9.2820 μm thus far published in the literature. In addition, these Sellmeier equations are used to clarify the reason for the discrepancy between the measured and calculated 90° phase-matching conditions at 10.6964–9.2714 μm.
We revisit self-difference frequency generation –– nonlinear mixing of the lasing field induced by stimulated emission with its pump source in a laser gain medium –– by employing transition-metal doped chalcogenides along with the standard birefringent phase-matching techniques for mid-infrared applications. The use of an a-cut Cr:CdSe crystal under the noncritical PM condition has significantly improved the conversion efficiency compared to the previous results obtained in a Cr:ZnSe slab with Fresnel phase-matching. To generalize the self-mixing design, the phase-matching conditions of solid solutions CdSxSe1-x doped with Cr2+ and Fe2+ ions are characterized in the mid-infrared spectral range.
KEYWORDS: Optical parametric oscillators, Second harmonic generation, Nd:YAG lasers, Sum frequency generation, Thermal optics, Gas lasers, Ferroelectric materials, Solids, Crystals, Refractive index
We report the experimental results on the temperature-dependent phase-matching properties of BaGa2GeS6 for second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG) of Nd:YAG laser-pumped KTiOPO4 (KTP) and HgGa2S4 (HGS) optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) and a CO2 laser in the 0.7674-10.5910 μm range. The experimental values for type-2 90° phase-matching SHG wavelengths in the short and long wavelength branches were measured to be λ1 = 2.0376 and 7.6740 μm, respectively. By using a BaGa2GeS6 crystal cut at θ = 48.1˚ and Φ = 0˚, we measured the type-1 and type-2 phase-matching angles for SHG and SFG of a Nd:YAG laser-pumped KTP OPO at λ = 3.1092 μm and HGS OPO at λ = 7.6740 μm as well as those for SHG and SFG of a waveguide CO2 laser. In addition, we derived the Sellmeier equations that provide a good reproduction of the experimental results for the phase-matching data. The temperature phase-matching bandwidths (FWHM) were also obtained in eight different phase-matching conditions by using the measured temperature variation of the pump wavelengths, the measured temperature dependence of the phase-matching angles (Δθext/ΔT) from 20℃ to 120℃ and the angular acceptance (Δθext‧l) calculated with our Sellmeier equations. Moreover, the temperature phase-matching bandwidth (FWHM) for type-2 90˚ phase-matching SHG was determined to be ΔT‧l = 12.2 ℃‧cm from the measured value of dλ1/dT = +0.3 nm/℃ and the calculated spectral bandwidth (Δλ1‧l). From these experimental results and the dn/dT measured at five wavelengths, we derived a thermo-optic dispersion formula valid in the 0.7674 − 10.5910 μm spectral range.
We present updated Sellmeier equations for CdGa2S4 that reproduce well the phase-matching angles for Yb:KGd(WO4)2 and Cr:forsterite femtosecond-amplifier-pumped Hg0.35Cd0.65Ga2S4 optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) and a Ti:Al2O3 femtosecond-amplifier-pumped Hg0.51Cd0.49Ga2S4 OPA in the 5.6–11.5 μm range, when combined with our previously derived Sellmeier equations for HgGa2S4.
This paper reports on the updated Sellmeier equations for AgGaS2 that provide an excellent reproduction of the 90° phasematching conditions for up-conversion of a CO2 laser to the green spectral range (0.565–0.566 μm) as well as those for difference-frequency generation using wavelengths below 0.7 μm.
We present updated Sellmeier equations for β-BaB2O4 based on measurements of the phase-matching angles for second-harmonic (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG) of a Nd:YAG laser-pumped 90° phase-matched RbTiOAsO4 optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and a Nd:YAG laser in the 0.6407 - 3.1392 μm range. The phase-matching angles predicted by this index formula agree well with the recently published data points of SFG between a Ti:Al2O3 laser and Nd:YAG laser-pumped KTiOAsO4 OPO in the 0.40 -5.3 μm range {G. Tamosauskas et al., Opt. Mater. Express 8, 1410 (2018)] as wellas those for SFG below 0.2048 μm thus far reported in the literature.
This paper presents refined Sellmeier equations for AgGaSe2 that provide a good reproduction of the phase-matching angles for optical parametric oscillation and difference-frequency generation processes in the 1.85–18 μm range thus far reported in the literature. In addition, these equations are found to reproduce the experimental results for second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation of CO2 laser radiation in the 1.7652–10.5910 μm range.
This paper reports on the phase-matching properties of LiIn(SxSe1-x)2 for type-2 sum-frequency generation (SFG) between the fundamental and second-harmonic of a CO2 laser at 10.5910 μm. The calculations based on the Sellmeier and thermo-optic dispersion formulas of the present authors [Appl. Opt. 53, 7998 (2014) / 53, 1063 (2014)] for LiInS2 and LiInSe2 revealed that LiIn(S0.8Se0.2) is nearly 90° phase-matchable for this process along the y (= a) axis with Δθext·ℓ1/2 = 33.4 deg·cm1/2, Δφext·ℓ1/2 = 13.9 deg·cm1/2, and ΔΤ·ℓ = 117°C·cm at 20°C.
By pumping the 8mm long HgGa2S4 crystal cut at θ = 67.5° and φ = 0° with the Nd:YAG laser in the double-pass SRO (singly resonant oscillator) scheme, we have generated 410mW output power (80mW at 4.180μm and 330mW at 1.428μm) at 30Hz. The pump to output conversion efficiency was 17%. In addition, by heating the HgGa2S4 crystal from 20° to 120° at normal pump incidence (θpm = 67.5°), we have generated the tunable outputs in the 1.413~1.428μm and 4.180~4.311μm range.
Two essential advantages can be expected from adding S to the well known nonlinear crystal GaSe: increase of the bandgap
value or the short wave cut-off limit and improved hardness. Recently, we confirmed that the non-centrosymmetric
structure of GaSe is preserved up to a GaS content of 40 mol. % while the nonlinear coefficient d22 is reduced by only
24%. The increased band-gap results also in higher surface damage threshold. Our preliminary Sellmeier equations for
GaS0.4e0.6 were based on refractive index measurements. These equations are refined in the present work by fitting
second-harmonic generation and optical parametric amplification phase-matching angle data in the mid-infrared as well
as birefringence data in the visible and near-infrared obtained with thin phase retardation plates. The two-photon
absorption effect was studied for GaS0.4e0.6 and GaSe using amplified picosecond pulses at 1064 nm, at a repetition rate
of 10 Hz. For intensities in the GW/cm2 range, the two-photon absorption coefficient of GaS0.4e0.6 for the o-polarization
is 3.5 times smaller than the corresponding coefficient of GaSe. This means that GaS0.4e0.6 could be safely used in
Nd:YAG laser pumped nanosecond optical parametric oscillators or picosecond optical parametric amplifiers, without
nonlinear absorption losses. The dynamic indentation measurements with Berkovich type indenter of c-cut GaS0.4e0.6and GaSe plates indicate about 30% higher indentation modulus and microhardness of GaS0.4e0.6 in comparison to
GaSe.
Several nonlinear crystals have been found to be simultaneously birefringent phase-matchable for two different
upconversions in the blue and red ranges by using a Nd:YAG laser at 1.0642 μm and a parametric oscillator pumped by
its second harmonic. The simultaneous phase-matching configurations and the corresponding tuning characteristics with
some currently available nonlinear materials are discussed in detail.
Phase-matching properties for harmonic generation via second- and third-order nonlinearities have been investigated in
LiIO3 using the Nd:YAG laser and its harmonic pumped parametric oscillator. It was found that this crystal is 90° phase-matchable
for direct type-2 third-harmonic generation (THG) at 0.3568 μm at 20 °C. In addition, the temperature
acceptance bandwidths have been measured for second-order processes and were used for construction of the thermo-optic
dispersion formula. The Sellmeier equations that correctly reproduce almost all of the experimental data in the
whole transmission range are also presented.
The 90° phase-matched direct type-1 and type-2 third-harmonic generation (THG) at 0.3263 and 0.3837 μm were
observed along x of the monoclinic BiB3O6 at room temperature by using the idler of the β-BaB2O4 parametric oscillator.
These interactions preclude the non-phase-matched, cascaded quadratic processes owing to the crystal symmetry along x.
The phase-matching properties for these pure cubic processes are presented together with the results on the direct THG
of the Nd:YAG laser at 1.0642 μm in three principal planes.
The linear and nonlinear optical properties of AgxGaxGe1-xS2 (AGGS) at x = 0.20, 0.25, and 0.50 and AgxGaxGe1-xSe2
(AGGSE) at x = 0.17 and 0.25 have been investigated for second-harmonic generation (SHG) of near IR lasers. The
polarization dependent transmission curves of these crystals showed larger energy band-gaps for polarization parallel to
c axis than that for a axis. The 90° phase-matched SHG wavelengths measured along b axis at room temperature were
found to be 0.515, 0.530, and 0.774 μm for the AGGS samples at x = 0.20, 0.25, and 0.50, and 0.638 and 0.676 μm for
the AGGSE samples at x = 0.17 and 0.25, respectively. In addition, the crystal to crystal and local variations of the
phase-matching conditions are presented together with their temperature stability.
90° phase-matched type-I second harmonic generation (SHG) of CO2 laser radiation at 10.591μm is demonstrated at 203°C in mixed chalcopyrite AgGa1-xInxS2 crystal with x = 0.14 ± 0.01. In addition, temperature-tuned difference frequency generation (DFG) at 4.02μm is obtained by mixing the idler output of a Nd:YAG third harmonic pumped β-BBO optical parametric oscillator and its fundamental source at 1.0642μm. The Sellmeier and thermo-optic dispersion formulas that reproduce well these experimental results are presented.
This paper reports the experimental results on the phase-matching properties of AgGaGeS4 for second-harmonic
generation (SHG) at 0.8 &mgr;m that was achieved by using the KTP optical parametric oscillator and difference-frequency
generation (DFG) at 2 and 5-12 &mgr;m that were achieved by using the dual-wavelength emitting Ti:Sapphire laser and the
Nd:YAG laser. Two AgGaGeS4 samples showed locally different phase-matching conditions which were probably
caused by the various crystal compositions. The new Sellmeier equations were constructed using the literature value of
the refractive indices and compared with the experimental data. A satisfactory agreement between the model calculation
and the experiments is obtained.
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