A Neuropeptide Y-binding aptamer (NPY-BA) and 15 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used to create plasmonic aptasensors for the selective detection of Neuropeptide Y in a rapid colorimetric assay. In this report, we describe different parameters that can be varied to optimize the sensitivity and selectivity of these assay and demonstrate initial NPY detection in sweat.
Wearable technologies have the ability to change how we perceive, and make decisions about, our health and well-being. In the military, utilizing these emerging technologies in training or operations offers potential life-saving and performance enhancement benefits. Up until now, very limited physiological data collection has been performed due to the overall integration, form-factor, power limitations, and data feedback to the user from wearable monitoring devices. The explosion of the wearables sector in the commercial arena has pushed industry to solve a lot of these issues for the consumer market, allowing for new monitoring opportunities within the military as well. This manuscript discusses a couple of the use cases for wearable technologies within military environments, specifically heat stress injury prevention and performance monitoring during training. Additionally, some preliminary wearable device gold-standard testing is discussed. From the applications described, it can be seen how integration of these technologies has allowed for safer training environments, but also has improved training effectiveness and sustained performance enhancement.
This work details a proof of concept study for vapor phase selective sensing using a strategy of biorecognition elements
(BRE) integrated into a zinc oxide field effect transistor (ZnO FET). ZnO FETs are highly sensitive to changes to the
environment with little to no selectivity. Addition of a biorecognition element retains the sensitivity of the device while
adding selectivity. The DNA aptamer designed to bind the small molecule riboflavin was covalently integrated into the
ZnO FET and detects the presence of 116 ppb of riboflavin in a nitrogen atmosphere by a change in current. The
unfunctionalized ZnO FET shows no response to this same concentrations of riboflavin, showing that the aptamerbinding
strategy may be a promising strategy for vapor phase sensing.
In this work, we show the use of single stranded DNA aptamers as selective biorecognition elements in a sensor based
on a field effect transistor (FET) platform. Aptamers are chemically attached to the semiconducting material in the FET
through the use of linker molecules and confirmed through atomic force microscopy and positive target detection.
Highly selective sensing of a small molecule, riboflavin is shown down to the nano-molar level in zinc oxide FET and
micro-molar level in a carbon nanotube FET. High selectivity is determined through the use of negative control target
molecules with similar molecular structures as the positive control targets with little to no sensor response. The goal of
this work is to develop a sensor platform where biorecognition elements can be used to functionalize an array of
transistors for simultaneous sensing of multiple targets in biological fluids.
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) currently utilize organic semiconductor materials with low electron
mobilities and organic gate oxide materials with low dielectric constants. Compared to inorganic FETs, OFETs have
slow operating speeds and high operating voltages. In this paper we discuss blending the conductive polymer
polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT) with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), with minimal optimization to produce a
new bio-conductive polymer complex potentially suitable for OFETs. The conductivity of this new bio-conductive
polymer complex is tunable, ranging from 10-10 S/cm to 10-3 S/cm at room temperature.
Enhanced electroluminescent efficiency using a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based biopolymer complex as an electron blocking layer has been demonstrated in both green- and blue-emitting organic light emitting diodes. The resulting bio organic light emitting diodes, or BioLEDs, achieved a maximum luminous efficiency of 8.2 and 0.8 cd/A, respectively, resulting in as much as 10× higher efficiency, 30× brighter output and 3× longer lifetime than their OLED counterparts. In this paper we describe the device fabrication and present the performance of these new structures.
The use of DNA as a functional biomaterial for optical device applications is becoming a
fast-expanding technology. Various researchers are investigating salmon DNA as the
primary ingredient in the design of optical waveguide devices. The interaction of the
indicator dye molecule, Bromocresol Purple (BCP) with the unique homogeneous double
helical structure of DNA for potential electro-optic and chemical sensing applications is
reported.
Polymers have a number of attributes that make them highly desirable for use in the design and fabrication of optical
waveguide devices, such as modulators and directional couplers. They have relatively low (1.5-1.7) refractive indices,
low (~4) dielectric constants at gigahertz frequencies, stable at high (150-190oC) temperatures, resistivities that can be
tailored by adding guest molecules and electro-optical responses via the addition of chromophore molecules. These
materials are easily spin-coated on glass, quartz or silicon wafers to form optically conducting films that have low (1-2
dB/cm) optical loss at the near-IR communication wavelengths. In this paper we update resistivity, dielectric, electrooptic
coefficient and waveguide loss characterization methods and improvements that we are using to provide the data
needed to fabricate polymer waveguide devices and report new results for DNA-based polymers.
Suitable organic and polymeric based materials for electronic and photonic applications must possess the desired
electromagnetic and optical properties to achieve optimal device performance in order to be more competitive with their
inorganic counterparts. A new class of biopolymer, processed from purified marine-based deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), has been investigated for use in both electronic and photonic applications and has demonstrated promise as an
excellent dielectric and optical waveguide material. In this paper we present examples of devices using this new DNA-based
biopolymer.
Red/Blue emitting organic light emitting diodes (OLED) devices have been obtained using a Europium-doped organic emitting layer (NPB:Eu). The Eu-doped OLEDs emit in 2 color ranges: a broad blue (~420-500nm) band due to NPB emission and a narrow red peak at 620nm due to Eu emission. The red/blue devices achieve a brightness ~13x more intense than a similarly structured green (Alq3) emitting OLED. These NPB:Eu emitting structures also reach a maximum efficiency of 0.2 cd/A at brightnesses above 100 cd/m2.
DNA and PPMA were doped with the laser dye sulforhodamine 640. Red emission was observed from both dye-doped DNA and PMMA upon photoexcitation. Photoluminescence (PL) emission was studied as a function of dye concentration. The maximum PL intensity of dye in DNA host material is at least 17 times higher than that in PMMA. The DNA host shows higher doping concentration without optical quenching than PMMA does.
Suitable polymer-based photonic materials must possess the desired optical and electromagnetic properties for optimal device performance depending on the intended application. A new class of polymer, processed from purified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), has been investigated for use in photonic applications and has shown promise as an excellent optical waveguide material. In this paper we present the current optical and electronic properties of this new DNA-based biopolymer, including optical loss, temperature stability, refractive index, resistivity, dielectric constant and microwave insertion loss.
Purified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), derived from salmon milt and roe sacs, waste products of the Japanese fishing industry in Hokkaido, has been processed into a promising, optical waveguide quality, biopolymer material suitable for both passive and active optical and electro-optic applications. Intercalation of aromatic compounds into stacked layers within the double helix of DNA molecules has rendered active optical waveguide materials with excellent nonlinear optical properties.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted and purified from salmon roe and milt sacs, a waste product of the fishing industry was studied for molecular binding and photoluminescence effects using bromocresol purple (BCP). Since BCP is both water and alcohol soluble it was investigated for binding efficiency in DNA/water solutions and modified DNA-CTMA/butanol solutions. Circular dichroism studies show that there is a maximum binding concentration of BCP in the DNA/water solution at ~5% by weight of BCP:DNA. In contrast, DNA-CTMA/butanol solutions showed increased binding concentrations up through 10wt% BCP:DNA-CTMA. This apparent binding affinity of DNA-CTMA for BCP also resulted in a significantly higher (6x) photoluminescence in thin film form when compared to BCP:PMMA films of the same doping concentration.
The procedure for increasing the temperature and electric field to set poling conditions for guest-host nonlinear optic polymers was evaluated. Specifically, the order of the two variables was alternated and the poling efficiency was evaluated by comparing the electro-optic coefficient, r33 for both procedures. Two host polymers, poly(methyl)methacrylate (PMMA) and poly[bisphenol A carbonate-co-4,4'(3,3,5-triethyl cyclohexylidene) diphenol] (APC) were doped with 10% (by weight) of the chromophore disperse red 1 (DR1). Single layer films were spin deposited onto a glass substrate with patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) as the bottom electrode and patterned gold as the top electrode. With the final set poling temperature and electric field held constant, each system was poled under two different poling procedures. The first procedure was to increase the temperature at a constant rate first and then increase the electric field at a constant rate to the final set poling conditions, and conversely, the second procedure was to increase the electric field at a constant rate, at room temperature, first and then increase the temperature at a constant rate to the final set poling conditions. An increase in poling efficiency was found for the 'Voltage then Temperature' procedure in both guest-host systems with an increase in r33 values of 38% to 43%. While this dramatic increase is not expected for every system, it shows that there is an additional variable of poling procedure that can be modified for enhancing the efficiency of poling.
Optical materials for waveguiding applications must possess the desired optical and electromagnetic properties for optimal device performance. Purified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), derived from salmon sperm, has been investigated for use as an optical waveguide material. In this paper we present the materials processing and optical and electromagnetic characterization of this purified DNA to render a high quality, low loss optical waveguide material.
When one thinks of suitability in space environments, irradiation tolerance typically is the first property that comes to mind. In addition to irradiation tolerance, however, suitable photonic materials must also possess the desired optical and electromagnetic properties for optimal device performance. Extracted and purified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), derived from salmon, has been investigated for use in photonic applications and has shown promise as an excellent optical waveguide material. In this paper we present the properties of DNA that are applicable for both ground and space based photonic applications. Such properties include optical loss, temperature stability, refractive index, resistivity, dielectric constant, microwave insertion loss and gamma ray irradiation tolerance.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) extracted and purified from salmon sperm was investigated for use in electro-optic devices as a cladding layer. The 500,000 molecular weight material has a refractive index less than that of common core materials such as poly(methyl)methacrylate (PMMA) and amorphous polycarbonates, shows a resistivity two orders of magnitude lower than common core materials, and shows no signs of degradation within 100°C of the host poling temperature. DNA was analyzed as a cladding material for two different chromophore systems, Disperse Red 1 (DR1), and Cheng-Larry Dalton 1 (CLD1) in a PMMA guest/host system. A baseline device, comprised only of a 1.7μm layer of PMMA, was tested for non-linearity with each chromophore, with the r33 value increasing with increasing temperature and voltage. Doublestack devices included a 1μm thick DNA film as the cladding layer with the baseline core layer above. Based on the dielectric properties of DNA, values of r33 were calculated for the theoretical behavior of the devices. The recorded r33 values were accurate within 5% of the calculated values with the DR1 chromophore, and within 20% with the CLD1 chromophore, hence showing good device reproducibility.
Highly purified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was isolated from salmon and scallop sperm by an enzymatic isolation process. Characterization of the optical and electromagnetic properties of DNA suggested suitability for optical waveguide applications. One of the characteristic features of DNA we discovered was an intercalation of aromatic compounds into stacked layers within the double helix of DNA molecules. We found that various optical dyes inserted into the double helix of DNA molecules render optical waveguide films of dye-intercalated DNA suitable for active photonic devices. Our investigation includes intercalation of fluorescent dyes, photochromic dyes, nonlinear optic chromophores, two photon dyes and rare earth compounds into DNA comparing results with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based materials.
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