This work describes an in-fiber Michelson interferometer inclinometer which is sensitive to curvature applied in the tapered region. The performance of this inclinometer is evaluated by calculating the variation of the fringe visibility near the 1550 nm spectral range as a function of the tilt angle. It is presented the results of four experimental measurements and calculated the average and standard deviation of those measurements. The results indicate a good response of the sensor within the angular range between 3° and 6°. The average of those four measurements is around -0.15/° and the greatest standard deviation is about 5.5%.
The development of SPP-based terahertz waveguides has demonstrated being of great potential to achieve an appropriate trade-off between losses and dispersion, particularly for sensing and imaging operations at that spectral band. In this work, we implement a microstructured fiber comprising an air core surrounded by an array of silver rods and air holes. With our geometry, we can reach losses of 0.01 cm-1 and dispersion nearly zero for a broad range of the terahertz region. Our goal is to demonstrate that we can optimize those waveguide structures to improve their properties at terahertz band.
In this work, a remote curvature sensor using a standard OTDR as the interrogation system is presented. This approach uses a core diameter mismatch sensor which is formed by a short section of a multimode fiber, with a length of 3 mm, sandwiched between two singlemode fibers. In this case, the attenuation of the optical signal will vary as the fiber is bent allowing interrogating the sensor with OTDR technology. Preliminary results indicate a resolution range of ~0.0003 cm- 1, sensitivity in the range of ~-208.46 dB/cm-1 and a variation of 2.67 dB in the OTDR trace within the bend radius range.
In this paper three highly birefringent (HiBi) spun photonic crystal fibers (PCF) are fabricated and their performance are characterized for electrical current measurement. These fibers are tested by coiling them around an electric conductor using three distinct winding diameters with different turns. The results present a very good linear relation with the current and its sensitivity depends on the winding diameter and on the number of turns. For the larger winding diameter, the fiber with lower circular pitch had higher sensitivity and for the smaller winding diameter the best sensitivity result was for the fiber with higher circular pitch.
In this paper it is proposed an interrogation system based on OTDR for fiber loop mirror intensity sensors. The system has been characterized in order to obtain its maximum dynamic range. The technique demonstrated good linearity with a – 13.3 dB/mm slope. A 0.027 mm resolution was achieved. The proposed interrogation system permits multiplexing of around 10 sensors and showed to be an alternative technique for multiplexing and remote sensing.
This work presents numerical results related to an in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer used as a refractive index sensor. The in-line Mach-Zehnder is based on abrupt tapers in standard single mode optical fiber. Numerical simulations were carried out using commercial software based on Beam Propagation Method in order to analyze the sensitivity response in terms of wavelength shift when this sensor is bent at certain radii of curvature. We realized that application of bending in the In-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer enhanced considerably the sensitivity of this sensor to the external refractive index. The best result was achieved for a radius of curvature of 10 mm (~500 nm/RIU for the refractive index range of 1.33 to 1.41) improving the sensitivity about eight times in comparison with the case with no bent.
One of the major issues in the modeling of subwavelength optical materials resides in how to compute the effective properties of such media. An efficient technique must be able to describe appropriately the electromagnetic response of the overall structure. Within this context, this work is focused on the calculation of effective parameters of metallic silver nanowires embedded in alumina background. An algorithm based on modal propagation is considered in order to estimate the refractive index at the visible spectrum. The resonances obtained in the computing model are compared to the predictions of analytical Bruggeman and Maxell-Garnett theories and analyzed by regarding excitation of surface modes at the metal-dielectric interface.
A magneto-optical current sensor, based on a low birefringence SF57 glass prism, using a dual quadrature polarimetric configuration was implemented and tested aiming its application in high voltage power lines. Sensor operation is characterized and compared using distinct Super Luminescent Diodes as optical sources, with emission at 650 nm, 830 nm and 1550 nm. Calibration and resolution are obtained in the different operating conditions using a DAQ board and full digital control for signal acquisition and processing. In particular, the sensor was tested in the range from 0 to 1 kA at 50 Hz. Also, operation at different frequencies from 50 Hz to 400 Hz was compared. A robust casing was fabricated in Nylon material enabling the portability of the sensor and its application in different types of conductors. Preliminary results indicate the feasibility of using the sensor both for metering and protection applications in high-power lines with interrogation via the OPGW cable.
In this work, we address a study of the spectral reflectance of silver nanowire metamaterials in the visible and near-infrared regions. To this end, several samples were fabricated with different fill-ratios and lattice constants, and their respective optical responses characterized in terms of these parameters. We perform a direct comparison between the collected experimental data with the values predicted by different analytical homogenization models to provide a better understanding of the effective optical behavior of this kind of metamaterials.
In this paper a spun elliptically birefringent photonic crystal fiber is fabricated and characterized. Its performance as a current sensor, using a polarimetric configuration, was tested and compared against single mode fiber at 633 nm. In particular the sensor sensitivity and linearity was investigated using fiber loops with different radius or number of turns around the conductor. The results obtained show that the spun fiber (40 rotation per meter) is able to suppress quite effectively the effects of the bend induced birefringence as compared to the standard fiber.
The development of an interferometric optical fiber inclinometer is described in this paper. A weak tapered region is
induced in a standard single mode fiber in the vicinity of the cleaved fiber tip, using a standard fusion splicer. In this
situation an in-fiber Michelson interferometer is constructed that is sensitive to curvature applied in the tapered region. It
is shown that depending on the angular range, fringe visibility and/or peak position depend strongly on the applied
curvature enabling low cost dielectric inclinometer to be setup that is suitable for high voltage applications. It is
presented an analysis of the sensor response by means of experimental measurements and manipulation of these
experimental data through computational simulations. The results coming from the numerical simulations indicate a
good performance of the sensor within range of angular variation between 3 and 6 degrees and 10 and 14 degrees. A low
cost strategy to interrogate the response of sensor using electrically modulated fiber Bragg gratings, a photodetector and
frequency analysis is described. The results presented by this electric interrogation technique show a good sensitivity in
the range 3.5 to 5.5 degrees.
It is reported a LPG dynamic interrogation technique based on the modulation of fibre Bragg gratings located in the
readout unit that permits to attenuate the effect of the 1/f noise of the electronics in the resolution of the LPG-based
sensing head. The concept is tested to detect variations of the external refractive index and a resolution of 2.0×10-4 NIR
was achieved without system optimization. Additionally, the effect in the sensor resolution when introducing Erbium and
Raman optical amplification is experimentally investigated.
The analysis of a subcarrier multiplexing free space optical transmission system with ASK electrical
modulation is presented in this paper. The designed system based on SCM-ASK-FSO allows the optimized
exploration of the available spectral frequency bandwidth. The performance for the SCM - FSO subsystem
obtained using ASK electrical modulation was evaluated in terms of eye diagram and bit error rate.
It was verified that the FSO channel does not generate intermodulation between the subcarriers, allowing a
uniform interchannel spacing. The necessity of the channel insertion was evaluated as a function of the
reduction in the distance between the system transceivers. SCM techniques integrated to a FSO system
operating at 1550 nm were simulated with the commercial software Optisystems from Optiwave, Inc.
Studies considering different modulation techniques used in the integration of subcarrier multiplexing
(SCM) optical transmission systems are presented in this paper. The analysis of SCM systems operating in
the 1550 nm signal wavelength range involves ASK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM electrical modulations.
From experimental results and by numerical simulation, the frequency response of the fibre for the ODSB and
OSSB systems is obtained. The simulated results suggest that using dispersion compensating fibre (DCF) it is
possible to compensate the dispersive effect in optical fibre for ODSB signals, allowing the system to get
OSSB similar frequency response. SCM systems simulations were performed using the commercial software
Optisystems from Optiwave, Inc. The system bandwidth increase was analysed in terms of fibre length and
dispersion considering different links, subcarrier spacing and number of subcarriers. From experimental
results, the intermodulation effect, generated by the optical fibre, is verified and indicated the necessity of
using unequal spacing between the subcarriers, which is a factor that limits the SCM systems' performance.
One of the most desired aspects for power suppliers is the acquisition/sell of energy in a future time. This paper presents a study of load forecasting for power suppliers, presenting a comparative application of the techniques of wavelets, time series methods and neural networks, considering short and long term forecast; both of great importance for power suppliers in order to define the future power consumption of a given region.
This paper describes Sequence Time Domain Reflectometry (STDR) and Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR), which utilizes concepts from direct sequence spread spectrum communications, as a technique
for detecting impedance mismatches in telephone lines (twisted pair). The aim of this paper is to present methodologies for characterizing a subscriber loop, which is used for Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology, based
on STDR and SSTDR tests. Those tests enable the TDR functionality to be incorporated into a DSL transceiver integrated circuit eliminating the need for costly test equipment. In addition to the cost savings, the
characteristics of the STDR and SSTDR offer improved spectral compatibility, interference immunity and fault
resolvability.
The Brazilian Amazon has sui generis characteristics that affect strongly the communication technologies, such as high humidity and temperature. These characteristics cause impact in the existent infrastructure, especially in twisted-pair copper lines. At the moment, new services are based on multimedia applications, as voice over internet protocol (VoIP), video on demand (VoD), and internet protocol television (IPTV). Such services use digital broadband networks such as ADSL2+ (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) to transmit the data. Broadband services require data rates which can only be achieved by using relatively high spectrum frequencies. At high frequencies the DSL signal is more susceptible to external noise sources, such as radio frequency interference and impulsive noise. For this purpose, an experimental setup has been built at UFPA that consists of noise generator, traffic generator, real cables, modems and DSLAM (digital subscriber line access multiplexer). This paper aims at characterizing how the noise impacts on triple play services for a broadband system using a DSL loop on Amazon environment. The objective of the noise impact experimentation is to observe the behavior of a DSL system under more realistic but controlled line conditions. Metrics as lost packet, jitter, latency, and throughput are used to characterize the triple play service in a DSL loop under the noise impact. Through the real experiments and controlled loop conditions, this paper allow identify, from application level point of view, how robust DSL system is in respect to noise occurrence. Additionally, it is described a methodology for noise impact measurements using a DSL system.
Many broadband services are based on multimedia applications, such as voice over internet protocol (VoIP), video conferencing, video on demand (VoD), and internet protocol television (IPTV). The combination "triple-play" is often used with IPTV. It simply means offering voice, video and data. IPTV and others services uses digital broadband networks such as ADSL2+ (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) and VDSL (Very High Rate DSL) to transmit the data. We have formulated a MDP (Markov Decision Process) for a triple-play transmission on DSL environment. In this paper, we establish the relationship between DSL transmission characteristics and its finite-state Markov model for a triple-play transmission system. This relationship can be used for a resource management for multimedia applications delivered through a broadband infrastructure. The solution to our optimization problem can be found using dynamic programming (DP) techniques, such as value iteration and its variants. Our study results in a transmission strategy that chooses the optimal resource allocation according the triple-play traffic requirements, defined in technical report TR-126 (Triple-Play Services Quality of Experience Requirements) from DSL Forum, minimizing quality of service (QoS) violations with respect to bandwidth. Three traffic classes (video, audio, and best effort internet data) are defined and analyzed. Our simulation results show parameters like as blocking probability for each class, link utilization and optimal control policies. The MDP-based approach provides a satisfactory way of resource management for a DSL system.
The increasing trend of triple play traffic transmission (voice, video and data) over internet is a worldwide phenomenon.
However, to get a satisfactory communication, we need study the process on end-the-end way. Into regions with little
infrastructure of telecommunications, one of the concerns is about used technologies of access. This work presents an
analysis based on an IPTV (Television Internet Protocol) transmission generated on two combined technologies of
access, PLC (PowerLine Communications) and ADSL2+ (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), using a combination of
electric network and telephony infrastructure, called of pDSL. This technology is a viable combination for regions with
poor infrastructure of telecommunications. The results are evaluated with intention to present the viability of this kind of
the telecommunication environment and with a simulation for extrapolation study.
Lamartine de Souza, Diego Cardoso, Marcelino Silva, Marcos Seruffo, Dário Russillo, João C. Costa, Carlos R. Francês, Agostinho L. Castro, Gervásio P. dos S. Cavalcante, Jaume Riu
Broadband services require data rates that can only be achieved by using relatively high spectrum frequencies. At such
high frequencies, the DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) signal is more susceptible to external noise sources, such as radio
frequency interference and impulsive noise. This paper aims to characterize how the impulsive noise impacts on services
and applications for a broadband system using an ADSL2+ loop. The first approach was to use the impulsive noise
defined in the standards G.996.1 (Test Procedures for DSL Transceivers) from ITU-T and TR-048 (ADSL
Interoperability Test Plan) from DSL Forum. In this approach we have also used a HDSL (High Bit Rate DSL) and white
noise disturbers on the line. The impulsive noises c1 and c2 (defined in G.996.1) are injected into the circuit at the CO
(Central Office) end and CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) end of the loop simulator. Additionally, it was analyzed
the spikes of noise's impact on the ADSL2+ line. In this case, pre-defined models of NEXT (Near-end crosstalk) and
white noise are injected on CO and CPE side, simultaneously. Metrics like packet rate, lost packet count, bandwidth,
short-term average transfer delay, and errored seconds are used to characterize the DSL loop under the noise impairments.
One of the main factors for the success of the knowledge discovery process is related to the comprehensibility of the patterns discovered by the data mining techniques used. Among the many data mining techniques found in the literature, we can point the Bayesian networks as one of most prominent when considering the easiness of knowledge interpretation achieved in a domain with uncertainty. However, the static Bayesian networks present two basic disadvantages: the incapacity to correlate the variables, considering its behavior throughout the time; and the difficulty of establishing the optimum combination of states for the variables, which would generate and/or achieve a given requirement. This paper presents an extension for the improvement of Bayesian networks, treating the mentioned problems by incorporating a temporal model, using Markov chains, and for intermediary of the combination of genetic algorithms with the networks obtained from the data.
This paper presents a decision support system for power load forecast and the learning of influence patterns of the socio-economic and climatic factors on the power consumption based on mathematical and computational intelligenge methods, with the purpose of defining the future power consumption of a given region, as well as to provide a mean for the analysis of correlations between the power consumption and these factors. Here we use a linear modelo of regression for the forecasting, also presenting a comparative analysis with neural networks, to prove its efectiveness; and also Bayesian networks for the learning of causal relationships from the data.
Edson Brito, Lamartine de Souza, Éder Patrício, Agostinho Castro, Gervásio P. dos S. Cavalcante, João Crisóstomo Costa, Klas Ericson, Fredrik Lindqvist, Jaume Rius I Riu
In order to qualify a subscriber loops for xDSL transmission, basic parameters like transfer function, scattering parameter S11 and characteristic impedance should be known. The aim of this paper is to present a test methodology for measurements of these basic parameters. The characteristic impedance is measured by open/short method and it is compared with the terminated measurement method defined in IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 611156-1. Transfer function and scattering parameter S11 of DSL loop are also measured on a real cable. The methodology is based on measurements of a 0.4 mm, 10 pairs, balanced twisted-pair cable of 1400 m of length. In order to improve the analysis of results, we compared the measurements from real cable with results from wireline simulators. The measurement of parameters of xDSL copper loop is done in an infrastructure set up in the LABIT (Technological Innovation in Telecommunications Lab) at UFPA (Federal University of Para), that consist of a wireline simulators, a precision impedance analyzer, and a network analyzer. The results show a difference between the measurements performed with real cables and wireline simulators for transfer function parameter. Characteristic impedance obtained by both methods presented quite similar results.
In the current national scene, many actions point at projects of digital inclusion and citizenship. In this context, providing
access technologies as a requisite for the implementation of these actions is primordial. In this way, many innovative
experiences have been presented in the past few years. This paper presents a study on the Powerline Communication-
PLC technology; as a proposal for a feasible access network for Brazilian Amazon. First, the characteristics of the PLC
technology are studied from an implanted indoor prototype at Federal University of Para. The measures used in this
prototype serve as input for a created model, from which it is intended to study the system more widely, considering
factors such as: scalability, reliability and the physical characteristics.
This paper presents methodologies that could be used for characterizing subscriber telephone loops that carry DSL services (ADSL and ADSL2+), by determination and analysis of frequency response, time domain reflectometry, and impulse response of the line. From this analysis, the subscriber loop length, identification and location of impairments such as bridged taps, gauge changes, and open ended termination across the line are carried out. To verify the methodologies presented, results obtained from measurements are drawn and compared to results obtained from computational simulations.
The performance of a Subcarrier Multiplexing (SCM) optical fibre system using QPSK modulation is analysed in this paper. Our results will show that it is possible to increase the system bandwidth by controlling the input optical power. Various fibre dispersion values and subcarrier channel spacing are used in order to check the bandwidth increase proportional to the optical power. The transmission bandwidth was studied in terms of fibre dispersion and input optical power. The frequency response was measured and computed. Limitations imposed by nonlinear distortions mainly due to interplay between dispersion and self-phase modulation are verified as well. The analysis to the SCM_QPSK transmission system such as the subcarrier channel spacing, signal input power, available frequency bandwidth under the fibre specifications and system conditions operation will be explored in a specific application. It means applying this technique after setting the requirements necessary to the operation of an optical ground-wire (OPGW) already installed system. The results showed an increase of the transmission bandwidth as the optical power increases. For QPSK modulation, power penalties smaller than 1 dB were obtained only for channel spacing higher than 1.2 multiplied by the symbol rate. Experimental measurements obtained in the literature were used to validate our results. Eye opening and received eye diagrams will be evaluated in order to have a simpler receiver layout and make the entire system more reliable, since it will become more robust to error disturbance, maintenance is easier and system upgrades will be facilitated.
In this work are presented two designs of fiber Bragg gratings optimized by using genetic algorithm and parallel processing. The results achieved show the robustness of that technique when applied to complex search spaces. Besides, it is shown that the use of the parallel processing improves the performance of genetic algorithm.
In this work, the results for beam splitters and antireflection coatings by using a simple genetic algorithm are presented. The results obtained show the robustness of this technique when applied to complex search spaces.
This paper presents a complete toolbox to be used together with the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The versatility of this software is used to form analysis blocks in the time and frequency domains, allowing the user to simulate optical fiber links of any topology, as long as the analysis of its performance face changes in the values of its parameters. Results for LED (F.D.), Quantum Well (T.D.) and Fabry Perot (F.D.) LASERs are shown.
The propagation characteristics in multilayered dielectric periodic strucutures is analized in this paper. The analysis extends a previous one [1] by introducing an additional dielectric layer. It is applied to propagation modes along the longitudinal and transverse directions of the structure's periodicity. The use of Floquet's theorem reduces the analysis to a single cell of the propagating fields for both, TE and TM polarizations. Special attention is given to the effect of varying the electric permittivity of the dielectric layers.
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