The traffic carried by core optical networks grows at a steady but remarkable pace of 30-40% year-over-year. Optical transmissions and networking advancements continue to satisfy the traffic requirements by delivering the content over the network infrastructure in a cost and energy efficient manner. Such core optical networks serve the information traffic demands in a dynamic way, in response to requirements for shifting of traffics demands, both temporally (day/night) and spatially (business district/residential). However as we are approaching fundamental spectral efficiency limits of singlemode fibers, the scientific community is pursuing recently the development of an innovative, all-optical network architecture introducing the spatial degree of freedom when designing/operating future transport networks. Spacedivision- multiplexing through the use of bundled single mode fibers, and/or multi-core fibers and/or few-mode fibers can offer up to 100-fold capacity increase in future optical networks. The EU INSPACE project is working on the development of a complete spatial-spectral flexible optical networking solution, offering the network ultra-high capacity, flexibility and energy efficiency required to meet the challenges of delivering exponentially growing traffic demands in the internet over the next twenty years. In this paper we will present the motivation and main research activities of the INSPACE consortium towards the realization of the overall project solution.
KEYWORDS: Antennas, Modulation, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Radio over Fiber, Modulators, Optical amplifiers, Single mode fibers, Receivers, Standards development, WDM-PON
A low cost converged wireline and 60GHz wireless hybrid system utilizing a single wavelength is proposed, employing
two single electrode LiNbO3 modulators for all-optical mm-wave frequency up-conversion and baseband modulation,
respectively. Additionally, a novel 15dBi, broadband, coplanar based, photonic patch array antenna is designed on a
high dielectric substrate for application as an indoor compact photonic-wireless transceiver. In order to evaluate the
fiber-wireless system performance a microwave/optical/wireless design is utilized, employing 3Gb/s orthogonal
frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) broadband wireless and passive optical network (PON) signals, co-propagating
in a single mode fiber (SMF). An acceptable performance is calculated for a 10m indoor wireless channel and a PON
urban link in the order of up to 20km, respectively. At last, a comparison of alternative RoF/PON photonic up
conversion schemes is presented.
J. Leuthold, R. Bonk, P. Vorreau, S. Sygletos, D. Hillerkuss, W. Freude, G. Zarris, D. Simeonidou, C. Kouloumentas, M. Spyropoulou, I. Tomkos, F. Parmigiani, P. Petropoulos, D. Richardson, R. Weerasuriya, S. Ibrahim, A. Ellis, R. Morais, P. Monteiro, S. Ben Ezra, S. Tsadka
A regenerative optical grooming switch for interconnecting 100 Gbit/s networks with lower bit-rate networks and
switching functionality in time, space and wavelength domain is demonstrated. Lab and field demonstrations show the
feasibility of the new concept. Q-factors above 20 dB are reported.
An optical packet switch based on wavelength routing and optical waveband conversion is demonstrated. The switch performs header extraction, packet routing, and regeneration and exhibits very good physical performance.
Although recent advancements in WDM technology have significantly enhanced the performance and reliability of optical components and systems it remains inevitable that failures occur. Due to the massive
increase of bandwidth supported by fiber networks it becomes extremely important to identify the impact individual failures may have on the network performance. This paper focuses on understanding the different parameters that affect the reliability of optical networks with emphasis on failures caused due to the optical components comprising the network infrastructure. As part of this study the reliability parameter associated with individual optical components is associated with the reliability of a link. Through extensive simulations it is shown that there is a direct impact on the traffic distribution across the network depending on the reliability characteristics of the network infrastructure. Several reliability scenarios and their relevant results will be presented, discussed and compared. The different scenarios under study are based on a national USA network topology and include both protection and no protection routing.
Network security is becoming a very sensitive and important topic for equipment manufacturers and network operators. In transparent optical networks, security is even more complex since the optical signals are not regenerated as in opaque networks and, therefore, the faults and attacks at the physical layer are more difficult to detect and isolate without significantly affecting the overall network performance. In this paper we define Failure Management as the prevention, detection, and reaction against failures. Failures are defined as the interruptions of the normal functioning of the network and comprise faults (accidental interruptions) as well as attacks (intentional interruptions which can be performed by service disruption or eavesdropping). Our work deals with a solution to detection of failures in transparent networks. For this purpose we have extended a Fault Location algorithm developed for opaque optical networks to be used in transparent networks and be able to also locate attacks. The proposed algorithm is called Transparent Failure Location Algorithm (TFLA). The first part of the extension is based on the study of other optical network elements such as Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADMs), Optical Cross-Connects (OXCs), wavelength converters, Optical Line Terminators, etc. The vulnerability of these elements depends on their architecture and/or fabrication technology and, therefore, different attacks can be considered. A classification of these components based on the masking and alarming properties is proposed. The second part of the extension is based on the monitoring equipment that may be available in transparent networks. The TFLA was applied for the case of a transparent ring of the Pan-European network.
Fully reconfigurable broadcast and select OADMs are compared to conventional designs for ULH networks. The feasibility of an 80 x10.7 Gb/s broadcast and select OADM chain with an unregenerated reach exceeding 4160 km is demonstrated. Key engineering issues for widespread commercial deployment of all-optical ULH networks include ASE noise accumulation, filter concatenation effects, dispersion, fiber non-linearity, and crosstalk impairments.
By use of novel technologies for broadcast and select (B&S) node architecture and a dispersion-managed fiber system, we demonstrate an ultra-long-haul (ULH) network system consisting of 13 optical add/drop multiplexers (OADM) in an optically transparent 4160-km network chain. All 80 channels at a bit rate of 10.7-Gbps, spaced with a 50-GHz wavelength grid, perform >13.6 dBQ, which offer a 2-dBQ optical margin when forward error correction is applied. A dynamic spectral equalizer with 40 dB extinction ratio is used for the B&S OADM, which offers simultaneous blocking and leveling functions for channel drop and power equalization. The cross-talk penalty requirement of an OADM in the ULH system is studied.
Advanced optical fibers enable high-capacity transmission for long reach systems and help to retain margin for networking. To do this they must support broadband operation, reduce nonlinear impairments, enable distributed gain and simplify networking. Here we describe fibers that incorporate dispersion management to extend span length and system reach over a broad bandwidth by compensating dispersion slope, reducing nonlinear impairments, and optimizing noise figure.
The four wave mixing (FWM) process in nonlinear media can be used for all optical demultiplexing of high bit-rate optical time division multiplexed channels. Interaction of the optical time division multiplexed signal and a pulsed pump with a repetition frequency equal to the desired output bit-rate, results in generation of a new wave at a new wavelength which carries the information of one of the de-multiplexed channels. Dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is an adequate nonlinear medium in which the four wave mixing process takes place. In this work a detailed theoretical study of an all-optical demultiplexer based on four wave mixing in dispersion shifted fibers is presented for different demultiplexing input/output bit-rates. The four wave mixing process in dispersion shifted fibers is studied through numerical simulation of the non- linear Schroedinger equation, taking into account all fiber nonlinearities. The performance of the demultiplexer is characterized in terms of efficiency, Q-factor, suppression of adjacent channels and eye pattern for each de-multiplexed channel. These characteristics are studied for different fiber lengths, pulsewidths, powers, etc. This detailed characterization of the operational conditions of the demultiplexer will reveal its limitations and hints for its optimal design will be proposed.
In long distance high bit rate optical links, the combined effect of fiber dispersion, nonlinearities and polarization mode dispersion determines the system performance. Mid-span spectral inversion (MSSI) has been proposed for dispersion and nonlinearity compensation. Although the use of spectral inverters in more than one point along the optical link has been discussed in the past, their impact on the transmission performance has never been examined in a detailed and quantitative way. In this work a comparison of the transmission performance when using MSSI or multi-point spectral inversion (MPSI) is presented, for 10- and 40- Gb/s signal transmission and for various transmission conditions. The transmission is described by the non-linear Schroedinger equation and the performance is estimated through the Q-factor analysis of the received optical signal. The comparison starts assuming ideal inverters where the complex conjugate of their input signal is generated at the output. In this case, the MPSI method appears to be more effective in compensating the dispersion and the nonlinearities, allowing highly performing transmission. The results are different when a real spectral inverter based on four-wave mixing in highly nonlinear dispersion shifted fibers is considered. In this case no improvement in the transmission performance can be observed.
We demonstrate experimentally the improvement of the performance of the dual pump wave mixing scheme in semiconductor optical amplifiers, using long amplifier chips and high optical pump powers. The optical amplifiers used in the experiment had a ridge waveguide structure with bulk active layer and antireflective-coated angled facets. Measurements of the conversion efficiency and SBR as a function of wavelength shift are presented for a wavelength shift of more than 40 nm. The above measurements are carried out for three amplifier lengths (500 micrometers , 1000 micrometers , and 1500 micrometers ) and for different levels of the optical power of the two pumps. It will be shown that an increase in the amplifier length from 500 micrometers to 1500 micrometers results to an increase of more than 25 dB for the efficiency and more than 20 dB for the SBR. This improvement combined with the inherent advantages of the dual pump scheme (almost constant SBR and high efficiency for large wavelength shifts) results in a highly performing wavelength converter/phase conjugator, suitable for many applications.
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