Our study proposes a technique to enhance light extraction efficiency of light emitting diodes (LEDs) by incorporating various micro-/nanolens arrays (MNLAs) on the substrate layer, which in turn increases the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the LEDs. To simulate the LEDs, we utilized the finite difference time domain method. To achieve a white LED, we inserted a thin layer of NiO at the interface between the n-type ZnO and the p-type GaN. The basic n-ZnO/NiO/p-GaN heterojunction-based LED exhibited an EQE of 10.99% where the effective refractive index of the LED structure was 1.48. The EQE was further increased by engraving various planoconvex or planoconcave MNLA on the top surface of the substrate layer. A maximum EQE of 12.4% was achieved for convex-1 type (lens height of 0.5 μm and radius of 0.4 μm) elliptical lens engraved LED where the effective refractive index was 1.4. In addition, the peak electroluminescence (EL) light intensity of convex-1 lens-based LED was twice than the light intensity observed in basic LED. Because of excellent EL spectrum and significant amount of light throughout the visible spectrum, the proposed convex-1 structure-based LED can be considered as a prospective candidate for white LED.
We demonstrate a technique for fabricating microstrip patch antennas using femtosecond laser patterning followed by ultraviolet beam and chemical treatment. Initially, we design the physical parameters of both single-slot and double-slot microstrip patch antennas and simulate them using high-frequency structure simulator for optimization. Simulation results exhibit a return loss of −26 dB at the resonant frequency of 22.9 gigahertz (GHz) for single-slot microstrip patch antenna and −18.3 dB at 24.03 GHz for double-slot microstrip patch antenna. The three-dimensional polar plot and far-field radiation pattern of the microstrip patch antennas confirm excellent directivity of the antennas. Furthermore, we investigate the return loss of the fabricated microstrip patch antennas. For single-slot microstrip patch antenna, experimental result shows a return loss of −21.25 dB at 22.7 GHz. In contrast, double-slot microstrip patch antenna shows a return loss of −27 dB at 24.1 GHz. In addition, we compare the performance of the double-slot microstrip patch antenna fabricated using femtosecond laser-assisted technique and photolithographic technique and find better performance in the femtosecond laser-fabricated microstrip antenna. The proposed femtosecond laser-based technique is simple and shows promises in precise fabrication of high-quality microstrip antennas.
We demonstrate the design and simulation of intense light beam (ILB) achieved by concave microlens engraved lenticular fibers. Both single and multiple microlenses of spherical and elliptical shapes have been incorporated just inside the fiber core. The ILBs have been designed using commercial OptiFDTD simulator. We investigate the average light intensity and beam profile at several locations including near field, far field-1, and far field-2 after the end face of the optical fibers. For single microlens, elliptical-shaped microlens engraved optical fibers show higher light intensity compared to spherical-shaped microlens engraved fibers. Light intensity at the output of the single-microlens incorporated fibers shows increasing trend with the increase of the radius of curvature (R) of the microlenses, where the highest light intensity has been achieved for R = − 17.65 μm. For microlens array engraved lenticular fibers, 9-lens model having R = − 8 μm has shown the highest light intensity. Due to the interference of light coming out from neighbor microlenses, the diffraction pattern, i.e., beam profile at any particular plane, is different for different arrangements of the microlenses. The proposed lenticular fibers are expected to have a wide range of applications in micro-optical systems, especially in biomedical engineering.
This paper suggests an optical printed circuit board (OPCB) having new optical coupling structures, including a laser-drilled and under-filled structure (LD-UFS) and a vertical waveguide structure (VWS). The suggested OPCB has the features of high-speed data transmission as well as highly efficient optical coupling because it was fabricated with low-dielectric and transparent electrical PCB materials through a PCB compatible process. To evaluate and compare the optical and electrical performances of the suggested OPCB with those of other OPCBs, the various types of OPCBs were fabricated and measured. The optical coupling losses of the LD-UFS and the VWS were measured with excellent results of 9.8 and 7.8 dB, respectively, which are lower than that of the basic structure. The electrical 3-dB bandwidth of the OPCB was also evaluated up to more than 40 GHz.
This paper expresses maskless formation of Fresnel zone plate (FZP) lens on fused silica glass surface using femtosecond laser lithography technology. The FZP lens consists of a series of concentric rings that has been encoded on a glass surface using femtosecond laser irradiation followed by chemical etching and stripping. To compare the performance of the FZP lens with traditional laser induced FZP, we also fabricated FZP on the surface of and inside fused silica glass using femtosecond laser direct writing. In all the cases, the FZP lenses have a focal length of 50 mm. In addition, we fabricated a 25-mm focal length FZP lens by means of femtosecond laser lithography. Compared to traditional femtosecond laser direct writing, femtosecond laser lithography technique offers smooth patterning of materials. Consequently, femtosecond laser lithography engraved FZP lens yields considerably higher diffraction efficiency. Besides, we investigated the diffraction pattern of the fabricated FZP lenses. Using these FZP lenses, we are able to observe microletters encoded on an aluminum coated poly-methylmethacrylate surface indicating excellent focusing and imaging capability of the FZP lenses. The proposed maskless technology is simple compared to other lithography techniques, representing great potential for small-scale manufacturing of similar kinds of optical/photonics devices.
In this article, we report the development of plano-convex cylindrical micro-lens array on the surface of fused silica glass using laser processing technology. Initially, femtosecond laser pulses are irradiated on the target fused silica glass substrate to pattern periodic micro-grooves. Afterwards, laser beam from CO2 laser source is applied several times on the previously micro-patterned fused silica glass surface, the purpose of which is to polish the micro-patterned glass surface. As a consequence, periodic plano-convex cylindrical micro-lens array is evolved on the glass surface. The micro-lens array shows great consistency in size and shape throughout the sample area. We also investigate various optical properties of the micro-lenses evolved glass substrates including the diffraction pattern and diffraction efficiency of light. The glass sample comprising cylindrical micro-lens array can diffract light with moderate diffraction efficiency. We strongly believe that, it is possible to engineer cylindrical micro-lens array on the surface of a variety of transparent materials including glasses and polymers over a large area.
This paper demonstrates mask-less formation of Fresnel zone plate lens on the surface of a fused silica glass substrate using femtosecond laser lithography technology. The lens consists of a series of concentric rings, which has been fabricated on the glass surface by femtosecond laser writing followed by chemical etching and stripping. We also pattern Fresnel zone plate on fused silica glass surface using direct femtosecond laser writing technique. The both Fresnel zone plate lenses have a focal length of 50 mm. Femtosecond laser lithography technique offers smooth patterning of materials compared to traditional femtosecond laser writing. Consequently, femtosecond laser lithography induced Fresnel zone plate lens yields considerably high diffraction efficiency. Using these Fresnel zone plate lenses, we are able to observe the micro-letters, micro-machined on aluminum coated poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) surface indicating excellent focusing and imaging capability of the Fresnel zone plate lenses. The proposed mask-less technology is simple compared to other lithography techniques, which shows great potential for small-scale manufacturing of similar kinds of optical devices.
We investigate the terahertz (THz) transmission characteristics of complex slot arrays with various order of rotation symmetry. Our experimental results reveal that an asterisk-shaped aperture with sixfold rotational symmetry is the most appropriate shape for realizing polarization-independent, highly efficient, and frequency-selective transmission of THz radiation. A systematic understanding of the THz transmission characteristics is useful for achieving versatile platforms and custom-designed metallic devices with specific electromagnetic responses.
We investigate subwavelength confinement of terahertz electromagnetic surface modes in a three-dimensional
region with coupled slot structures. Two-dimensional resonance focusing on a subwavelength slot converts to
three-dimensional subwavelength confinement, due to sharp edge confinement effect on asymmetric
plasmonic structure, at the center position of the slot structures which consists of two or more slots. We also
report on the polarization independent confinement of terahertz electromagnetic surface modes beyond
diffraction limit. The structure which consists of radially arranged subwavelength slots located at a same
center position shows the polarization-independent terahertz three-dimensional subwavelength confinement.
Development of maskless lithography techniques may solve the problem of photomask cost. Furthermore, it could open a market for small-scale manufacturing applications. Since femtosecond lasers have been found suitable for processing of a wide range of materials with submicrometer resolution, it is attractive to use this technique for maskless lithography. In this paper, we report direct laser writing of lithographic patterns with submicron feature width on thin photoresist film by a femtosecond laser. The patterns were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. The effects of laser energy and number of pulses on the feature size were investigated. Finally, we present various results on submicron photoresist patterning, which show great potential for future application.
The characteristics of femtosecond laser ablation of AlN and Al2O3 for precision microfabrication are studied
experimentally. Specifically, the process characteristics during femtosecond laser drilling of microholes with sub-100
μm diameter are investigated for varying laser parameters and beam path designs for trepanning. The accumulation of
sub-micrometer size particles within the hole is prevented using a blower and vent system. Through process optimization
the microdrilling with good hole quality is achieved.
We report on the fabrication and performance of a lensed photonic crystal fiber (PCF) designed as a compact but effective side-viewing optical imaging probe. The lensed-PCF probe was implemented in a single body without using any other fibers or additional optics. The beam expansion region and a focusing ball lens, necessary as a focuser, were simultaneously formed along a small piece of PCF by using arc discharges. The side-viewing ability was endowed by polishing the ball lens with a femto-second laser to form a TIR (total internal reflection) surface. The working distance and the transverse resolution of the fabricated single-body lensed-PCF were experimentally measured to be ~570 μm and 6.8 μm, respectively. With the proposed lensed-PCF probe, OCT images of an in vitro biological sample were successfully obtained
Using tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses, we produced optical waveguide and devices in the transparent materials. This technique has the potential to generate not only channel waveguide but three-dimensional optical devices. In this paper, an optical splitter and U-grooves, which are used for fiber alignment, are simultaneously fabricated in a fused silica glass by using near-IR femtosecond laser pulses. The fiber aligned optical splitter has a low insertion loss, less than 4 dB, including intrinsic splitting loss of 3 dB and excess loss due to the passive alignment of a single-mode fiber. Finally, the utility of the femtosecond laser writing technique is demonstrated by fabricating gratings at the surface and inside the silica glass, respectively.
We show that permanent optical waveguides can be formed in glasses by photoinduced refractive index change with an ultrashort pulse laser. Waveguides are written by translating the glass sample along the optical axis of a strongly focused laser beam. Both straight and curved waveguides are written in a silicate glass using 800 nm Femtosecond laser pulses. The utility of the Femtosecond writing technique is demonstrated by fabricating optical devices. Y coupler was fabricated in a silica glass using femtosecond laser pulses. Waveguide propagation characteristics and optical losses are also determined.
This paper presents the micro-machining results on optical devices by using Ti:sapphire femtosecond pulsed laser. It has been used successfully for the micro-machining of U-grooves in planar lightwave circuit (PLC) splitter, wedged filber and lensed fiber. U-grooves in PLC splitter is helpful to simplification of the alignment procedure between optical fiber and waveguide in the PLC chip. The insertion loss and the optical return loss of packaged 1 x 8 optical splitter modules which have been presented were less than 11.0 dB and more than 55 dB, respectively. These results also mean that the packaging technique using the passive alignment is excellent and femtosecond pulsed laser micro-machining technique could provide a new PLC packaging technology. The wedged fiber for reduction of reflection loss and the lensed fiber increasing coupling efficiency are also fabricated by laser system. A comparison of direct polishing method with that of laser micro-machining shows that laser technique is more favorable.
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