An automatic three-dimensional whole circumference shapes measurement system using an optical patterns projection
technique has been developed. The system is composed of an optical spatial modulator from which grating patterns are
projected on the surface of the object set on a turntable stage, a CCD camera controlled by a robot arm, and a computer.
The patterns on the surface of the object are taken into the computer by the CCD camera, and the three-dimensional
coordinates of the patterns on the surface of the object are calculated according to a principle of a trigonometry
measurement. The patterns faced to the CCD camera are taken into the computer by the CCD camera, four photographs
at each turntable angle of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees are processed and the image processing data are composed as
whole circumference shapes. This improved system using mechanical and optical method and data analysis has the
following advantages. (1) It is possible to capture the surface topography without any contact. (2) The time required for
the measurements is shorter than the light-section method. (3) The optical spatial modulator using a liquid crystal
projector enables to control the striped patterns accurately by the computer. (4) It is possible to measure precisely and to
expand the measurement area using a zoom camera. (5) The improved system has whole circumference shapes
measurement area as well as high resolution.
The morphologies and nonlinear optical properties of vanadylphthalocyanine (VOPc) thin films on polymer and KBr substrates remain unclear. This paper investigates the morphologies and nonlinear optical properties of VOPc thin films prepared on polycarbonate (PC) and KBr substrates by UV/Vis spectrum measured with UV/Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and third-order harmonics (TH), as well as second-order harmonics (SH) detected using the Maker fringe method. The UV/Vis spectra of VOPc thin films prepared on a PC substrate with different evaporating source temperatures have a peak at 840 nm in the Q-band region. This indicates that the morphology of the VOPc thin films prepared is Phase II. Moreover, the UV/Vis spectra of each sample do not change with increasing thickness. Therefore, this also suggests that interaction between a VOPc molecule and the surface of a polycarbonate film is strong. The number of VOPc molecules oriented at 60° to a substrate markedly increases with the increase in evaporating source temperature. This indicates that there is an optimum evaporating source temperature for the orientation of VOPc thin films prepared on a PC substrate. In VOPc thin films prepared on a KBr substrate, the phase morphology of VOPc thin films changes from pseudoepitaxy to epitaxy by increasing the annealing time. Moreover, the incident angle dependence of second harmonic (SH) intensity shows a lower convex curve when irradiated with a p-polarized laser light, and the SH intensity is enhanced with the increase of the annealing time. Moreover, the incident angle dependence of third harmonic (TH) intensity shows upper convex curves and the maximum values of TH intensity are enhanced with the increase of the annealing time. These findings indicate that the orientation of VOPc thin films is improved with the increase in annealing time. It is closely related to molecular diffusion during annealing.
This paper reports on the imaging of a phase object using a differentiation filter. The differentiation filter consists of a photographic recording on a film where the amplitude transmittance changes gradually in a continuous manner. The filter is placed in the Fourier plane of a lens, and the differentiation image is taken by a CCD camera. This technique is applicable for objects with wide range of phase variations. A computer was used for image integration and to construct the 3D image. We have presented experimental results for a wedged phase object.
An automatic measurement system of three-dimensional shapes by a projection method with striped patterns from an optical spatial modulator has been developed. Patterns on the surface of the object were taken into a computer by a CCD camera, and the 3D cocordinate of the surface of the object was calculated according to a principle of a trigonometry measurement. This system has the following advantages. (1) It is possible to capture the surface topography without any contact. (2) The time required for the measurements is shorter than the light-section method. (3) The optical spatial modulator using a liquid crystal projector is possible to control the striped patterns accurately by the computer. (4) It is possible to measure precisely and to expand the measurement area using a zoom camera. In this study, we developed the method with using zooming of a CCD camera image. By using zooming of a CCD camera image, the measurement accuracy improved and the measurement range was expandable.
We have continued research on the three-dimensional shape measurement system, using spatial projections. This method is non-contact, non-invasive, and completes measurement in a short time. However, light diffusion influence on the measurable accuracy. In addition, if marking on the surface of target object, it will become difficult to perform exact measurement. And the sampling density is not fully high. We proposed methods using differentiation and light variation patterns to enhance accuracy of measurement, to eliminate the influence of marking on the surface of target object, and to increase the sampling density. Since our methods involve computational manipulation of the data obtained by the original system, it requires no additional equipment. It is a very practical and effective method.
Vanadyl-phthalaocyanine (VOPc) films were prepared on KCI substrate by a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. The SEM image revealed that a VOPc single crystal of 120)mumX120)mum grew on the KCI substrate after annealiing for 360 minutes. Its average film thickness was about 110 nm. The growth of single crystal was assisted by the surface diffusion of VOPc molecules and the difference in chemical potential between single crystals. Therefore, the single crystal grows merging neighboring grains and/or VOPc molecules surrounding. The VIS/UV spectrum of single crystal had the absorption peaks at 700nm and 860nm and also the absorption shoulder at 640nm. The maximum absorption peak is at 860nm. According to Griffiths et al., the phase having peaks at 680nm and 740nm is called Phase I and the phases having a main absorption peaks at 820nm and 830nm are called Phase II and Phase III, respectively. Phases having a main absorption peaks at 780nm and 810nm are called Pseudomorphic layer and epitaxial growth, respectively. As mentioned above, the phase having a main absorption peak at 860nm has not been reported so far. We call it Phase IV. The VOPc film having Phase IV shows a third harmonic (TH) generation. The TH susceptibility is larger by about 103 times than that of quartz glass. This indicates that Phase IV has high molecular packing density and good nonlinear optical properties. Therefore the single crystal on KCI substrate prepared by MBE is expected to apply to optical switching, modulation and memory (RAM and ROM).
In this paper, the VOPc film was prepared on KBr substrate by OMBD. After that, it was treated in organic gas. The thickness of VOPc film was 96 nm. The morphologies of VOPc film before and after the gas treatment were characterized with optical absorption spectra and SEM image. The third- harmonic generation of VOPc film before and after the gas treatment were also measured by Maker fringe method using a Nd:YAG laser.
Some types of rough alignment system for pre-alignment of precise alignment is proposed. One is a system using wide pitch gratings, with narrow pitch gratings for precise alignment. The other is a system using only narrow pitch gratings with small slit number, which is simple in construction. The operations are discussed on the basis of the results of computer simulation.
We have continued research on our 3D shape measurement system, using spatial projections of light variation patterns. This method is non-contact, non-invasive, and completes measurement in a short time. However, light diffusion influence on the measurable accuracy. We proposed a method using differentiation to enhance accuracy of measurement, and were successful in achieving this goal. Moreover, the measurable area was expanded. Since our method involves computational manipulation of the data obtained by the original system, it requires no additional equipment. It is a very practical and effective method.
A kinetic model for a discharge-pumped ArF excimer laser has been developed. The electrical circuit loss, collision loss of electrons and atoms in plasma, and photon absorption loss were calculated. The energy loss process from the electrical input to the laser output is discussed. It was found that 34% of the electrical input is lost in the electrical circuit, 30% of the deposited energy is lost as a elastic collision loss. Since there are large quenching losses and photo absorptions, the laser output energy is several percent of the input energy.
PMMA and PET thin films doped with (t-Bu)4VOPc {(t- Bu)4VOPc PMMA and (t-Bu)4VOPc PET} and PMMA thin film doped with (t-bu)1. 4VOPc {(t-Bu)1. 4 VOPc PMMA} were prepared on glass substrate by coating (t-Bu)4VOPc PMMA and (t-Bu)4VOPcPET were treated with dichloroethane vapor in a desiccator at room temperature. On the other hand, (t-Bu)1. 4VOPc PMMA was treated with dichloroethane and chloroform vapor in the desiccator at room temperature. The (t-Bu)1. 4VOPc PMMA and (t-Bu)4VOPc PMMA thin films showed SHG and THG after vapor treatment but (t-Bu)4VOPc PET thin film did not. These suggest that the degree of swelling by dichloroethane vapor are different between PMMA and PET. In other words, the aggregation of (t-Bu4) VOPc occurs more easily in PMMA than in PET. The THG of (t-Bu)1. 4VOPc PMMA thin film is larger than that of a (t-Bu)4VOPc PMMA thin film. This means that the molecular size of (t-Bu)1. 4VOPc is smaller than that of the size of (t-Bu)4VOPc.
An ablation wave from materials based on laser supported detonation and laser supported combustion has been created by exposing them with laser. The purpose of this study is to analyse the mechanism of the ablation wave using a high speed streaked camera and to realize more precise microprocessing by controlling the wave. The laser used in this experiment was an ultraviolet XeCl excimer laser of high photon energy with a wavelength of 308nm, a maximum pulse energy of 500mJ, a pulse width of 30ns and a maximum frequency of 50Hz. The high speed streaked camera had a resolving power of 100ps. Metal-ceramics functionally graded materials (FGMs) were selected as sample materials. An experimental system of laser microprocessing was constructed and the behavior of the ablation wave from FGMs were observed. The experimental results showed that the mechanism of the ablation wave from FGMs was a photochemical reaction with thermal interaction.
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