In spite of the developments of various autostereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) technologies, the inferior resolution of the realized 3D image is a severe problem that should be resolved. For that purpose, a time-sequential 3D display is developed to provide 3D images with higher resolution and attracts much attention. Among them, a method using a directional backlight unit (DBLU) is an effective way to be adopted in liquid crystal display (LCD) with higher frame rate such as 120Hz. However, in the conventional time-sequential system, the insufficient frame rate results a flicker problem which means a recognizable fluctuation of image brightness. A dot dithering method can be a good solution for reducing that problem but it was impossible to observe the 3D image in side lobes because the image data and the directivity of light rays from the DBLU do not match in side lobes. In this paper, we propose a new vertical line dithering method to expand the area for 3D image observation by utilizing the side lobes. Since the side lobes locate in the left and right position of the center lobe, it is needed to arrange the image data in LCD panel and directivity of the light rays from the DBLU to have continuity in horizontal direction. Although the observed 3D images in side lobes are flipped ones, the utilization of the side lobes can increase the number of observers in horizontal direction.
One of most important problems which most of the autostereoscopic display have is the degradation of resolution. In this
paper, a method is proposed to resolve the degradation of resolution using a multi-directional backlight unit and an LCD
panel with a time-sequential operation.
KEYWORDS: 3D displays, 3D image processing, Eye, 3D metrology, Glasses, 3D vision, Flat panel displays, Camera shutters, Analytical research, Image quality
Nowadays, with the rapid progresses in flat panel display (FPD) technologies, the three-dimensional (3D) display is now
becoming a next mainstream of display market. Among the various 3D display techniques, the stereoscopic 3D display
shows different left/right images for each eye of observer using special glasses and is the most popular 3D technique
with the advantages of low price and high 3D resolution. However, current stereoscopic 3D displays suffer with the 3D
crosstalk which means the interference between the left eye mage and right eye images since it degrades the quality of
3D image severely. In this paper, the meaning and causes of the 3D crosstalk in stereoscopic 3D display are introduced
and the pre-proposed methods of 3D crosstalk measurement vision science are reviewed. Based on them The threshold of
3D crosstalk to realize a 3D display with no degradation is analyzed.
The three-dimension (3D) to two-dimension (2D) convertibility of display hardware described in this paper is an
essential factor in the commercialization of a 3D display. The liquid crystal (LC), which is a suitable material with its
optical anisotropy and electric properties, is widely used for various 3D/2D convertible display techniques. There are
three kinds of autostreoscopic 3D/2D convertible techniques - the LC lenticular lens, the LC parallax barrier, and
integral imaging. The techniques are on their ways for continuing development and improvement. In this keynote paper
we summarize the principle and status of the techniques.
The 3D-2D convertibility is essential for the penetration of the 3D display into the current 2D display market and various methods were proposed to realize it. In this paper, a thin size 3D-2D convertible display using a pinhole array on a polarizer is proposed. The thickness of the proposed system can be below one centimeter. Additionally, the use of a pinhole array on a polarizer enhances the light efficiency of the proposed system in the 2D mode by more than ten times of the 3D mode. This is also essential since the 3D mode is an additional function for a 3D-2D convertible system. As a result, the 2D image quality of the proposed system can be compatible with the existing 2D displays for most aspects. The method is proven by experimental results.
In this paper, we propose an integral imaging with variable image planes using PDLC (polymer-dispersed liquid crystal) films. Parallel layered PDLC films and a projector are adopted as a display system and enable to vary the location of image plane. We can control the transparency of PDLC films electrically and make each film diffuse the projected light successively with different depth from lens array. The explanation of the proposed system is provided and the experimental results are also presented.
Recently, a floating display system based on integral imaging (InIm) was proposed. Though the floating display system based on InIm can provide moving picture with great feel of depth to the observer, it has limited expressible depth range because the expressible depth range of InIm is limited. In this paper, the expressible depth range of the floating display system based on InIm is analyzed based on the analysis on the expressible depth range of the InIm. Also, a depth-enhanced floating display system based on InIm is proposed. In the proposed depth-enhanced floating display system based on InIm, the lens array of the InIm is placed at the focal plane of the floating lens. Additionally, the seams on the lens array become less distinct since they are also placed at the focal plane of the floating lens. However, the size of the object changes when the object is out of the overall central depth plane. Thus, the size of objects in elemental image should be rescaled to display correct three-dimensional image.
In spite of significant improvements in three-dimensional (3D) display fields, the commercialization of a 3D-only display system is not achieved yet. The mainstream of display market is a high performance two-dimensional (2D) flat panel display (FPD) and the beginning of the high-definition (HD) broadcasting accelerates the opening of the golden age of HD FPDs. Therefore, a 3D display system needs to be able to display a 2D image with high quality. In this paper, two different 3D-2D convertible methods based on integral imaging are compared and categorized for its applications. One method uses a point light source array and a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal and one display panel. The other system adopts two display panels and a lens array. The former system is suitable for mobile applications while the latter is for home applications such as monitors and TVs.
KEYWORDS: LCDs, 3D displays, 3D image processing, Transmittance, 3D image enhancement, Integral imaging, Stereoscopy, Distortion, Imaging arrays, Imaging systems
In this paper, the authors propose a novel method to construct a wide viewing two-dimension/three-dimension convertible system with two parallel display devices. With changing the role of each display device, it is possible to convert the display mode between 2D and 3D electrically without any mechanical movement. In 2D display mode, the rear display is used as a white light source and the front display device displays the 2D images. In 3D display mode, the rear display device and the lens array construct 3D images, while the front display device displays electrical masks to enhance the viewing angle of the 3D images. Since the basic principle for 2D and 3D display modes are the same as that of LCD display and integral imaging respectively, other improved techniques for both display modes, which will be accomplished with the progress in researches, can be easily applied to the system. The proposed method is also demonstrated by some experimental results.
KEYWORDS: 3D image reconstruction, 3D displays, Holograms, 3D image processing, Computer generated holography, Integral imaging, Spatial light modulators, Holography, Displays, 3D image enhancement
For large viewing-angle enhancement in three-dimensional (3D) display, a dynamic computer-generated holographic display system combined with integral imaging is proposed and implemented using a single phase-type spatial light modulator and an elemental lens array. For viewing-angle enhanced colorized 3D integral image display the computer-generated holograms have been synthesized and scaled for minimizing the color dispersion error in the hologram plane. Using the integral imaging and synthetic phase holography, we can get 3D images with full parallax and continuously varying viewing-angle range of +/-6 degree. Finally we show some experimental results that verify our concept.
Integral imaging attracts much attention as an autostereoscopic
three-dimensional display technique for its many advantages. However, the disadvantage of integral imaging is that the expressible depth of three-dimensional image is limited and the image can be displayed only around the central depth plane. This paper proposes a depth- enhanced integral imaging with multiple central depth planes using multilayered display devices. Transparent display devices using liquid crystal are located in parallel to each other and incorporated into an integral imaging system in place of a conventional display device. As a result, the proposed method has multiple central depth planes and permits the limitation of expressible depth to be overcome. The principle of the proposed method is explained, and some experimental results are presented.
Three-dimensional image recognition is an important issue in the field of information optics. There have been many researches in the 3D object recognition. Recently much attention has been focused on integral imaging, which used to be called integral photography in the past. In this paper, we will discuss our recent works on the 3D image capture, processing and correlation using the integral imaging technique. By using a lens array, we capture different perspectives of a 3D object at one time. Then, the information can be processed to figure out the original 3D image based on multi-baseline stereoscopy techniques. A composite lens array that consists of different-focal-length lenses can be more efficient for this purpose. The captured images can be used for multiple joint transform correlation with reference images. From the results, we can obtain the correlation between the 3D object and the reference object. And also, we can figure out both transverse and longitudinal shift information of the 3D object with respect to the reference 3D object. Both theoretical discussion and experimental proof are provided.
The stereovision scheme is a method to extract the three-dimensional information of the original object from two or more images of it. In the conventional scheme, more than two cameras are used to acquire numbers of images with different perspectives. As the numbers of cameras are increased, the complexity of the entire system is also increased and there can be many difficulties such as camera calibration and vibration in the conventional method. In this paper, an improved stereovision scheme using single camera and a composite lens array is proposed. In the proposed system, only one camera and a composite lens array is required and the complexity of the entire system is decreased. With the use of a composite lens array, it is possible to improve the performance of the system compared with the method using a conventional lens array. The proposed method is proven to be useful by simulation and experimental results.
KEYWORDS: 3D image processing, Integral imaging, Imaging systems, 3D displays, Charge-coupled devices, Displays, Image processing, Imaging arrays, Data storage, Distortion
Integral imaging is one of the most attractive methods for displaying three-dimensional images. The lens array mismatch between the pickup and display systems or between different display systems is an important problem for the practical implementation of the three-dimensional display system based on integral imaging. In this paper, we provide a solution to that problem by extracting the three-dimensional information from the elemental images. The extracted three-dimensional information is modified to be suitable for the different lens arrays in the integral imaging display systems. Thus our method gives excellent flexibility on the system parameters of the various integral imaging systems and has additional advantage of reducing the required data size for the three-dimensional data storage or transmission.
Integral imaging, which used to be called integral photography, has been recently attracting great attention due to its possibility for dynamic color autostereoscopy with full parallax and without any use of special glasses. For its practical use, the scaling of integral imaging is a very important issue because different systems have different lens characteristics such as lens sizes and focal lengths. In this paper, we discuss the guiding rules in scaling of integral imaging. We discuss the generalized analysis on scaling and propose the simple-scaling and ratio-conserving scaling. Experimental result will also be provided.
KEYWORDS: Cameras, 3D image processing, 3D acquisition, Integral imaging, Quantization, Image processing, 3D displays, Imaging arrays, Analytical research, Imaging systems
Recently, the integral imaging, which was mainly intended to pick up and display three-dimensional images, has been applied to the acquisition of the three-dimensional information of an object by several research groups. The use of a lens array and a single camera is attractive because of the simple structure. But, the elemental images that are picked up by the lens array has some degree of redundancy and the perspective angle is limited compared with the multi-camera method. In this paper, we concentrate on the acquisition of the three-dimensional information of the object by the three methods (using a lens array, using lens array and elemental image modification and using multiple cameras) and compare them in the aspects of the ambiguity, precision and quantization error.
KEYWORDS: Polarization, Imaging arrays, Image enhancement, Switching, Integral imaging, Stereoscopy, 3D displays, Camera shutters, 3D image processing, Image processing
The integral 3D imaging provides full motion parallax unlike other conventional stereoscopy-based techniques. To make most of this advantage, a 3D system that has a wide view along full direction is required. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a method to enhance the viewing angle in integral imaging along both horizontal and vertical direction. Proposed system consists of two sub systems that have properly designed polarizing masks. The viewing angle enhancement along full direction is achieved by elemental lens switching that combines time and spatial multiplexing of different elemental image arrays. Some experimental results and the method to avoid a cross-talk effect are shown and discussed.
Stereo matching is a method to obtain the depth information from images and is one of the most important issues in the field of machine vision. Contrary to the conventional stereo matching algorithms that involve two or more wellcalibrated cameras, the depth extraction scheme using a lens array is compact and requires no calibration since only one camera is involved in its setup. In this paper, we present a novel depth extraction algorithm using a lens array. The proposed method rearranges horizontal positions of the pixels from the collection of the elemental images to form subimages horizontally leaving the vertical positions of the pixels unchanged. On this rearranged images, we apply a correlation-based multiple-baseline stereo algorithm in properly modified form. The main feature of the proposed method is its ability of exact depth extraction from the extremely periodically patterned object scenes. Additionally, the proposed method enlarges the available depth range due to the reverse dependency of the disparity on the depth between the elemental image and the sub-image. We prove our idea by applying our method on the object scene generated by a computer. The simulation result shows the proposed method extracts precise depth information from the scene of the object with a periodic texture pattern.
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