Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Pathfinder (CPF) mission’s Hyperspectral Imager for Climate Science (HySICS) instrument’s transmissive flight diffuser calibration is presented. The absolute Bidirectional Transmittance Distribution Function (BTDF) measurement of the transmissive diffuser is needed to calculate the instrument’s absolute efficiency. Along with a known solar irradiance source such as Total Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS), it can provide an absolute irradiance measurement path on orbit, with NIST traceability. This provides an additional path for CPF to cross compare with other on orbit sensors’ measurement such as Visible-Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES). The flight diffuser was calibrated at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) using the Facility’s Optical Scatterometer.
The NASA GSFC Code 618 Calibration Laboratory maintains instruments and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable calibrated sources and detectors to calibrate, characterize, and monitor remote sensing instrumentation throughout NASA and the larger scientific community. Under the Calibration Laboratory umbrella, we operate the Radiometric Calibration Lab (RCL) focused on calibrating instrument radiometers, the Diffuser Calibration Lab (DCL) specializing in NIST traceable calibration of reflective and transmissive space diffusers. The RCL uses broadband sources as well as an array of options for monochromatic spectral calibration to provide regular NIST traceable calibration services to ground, flight, and remote sensing missions at NASA GSFC. The DCL uses scatterometers to measure the Bidirectional Reflectance and Transmittance Distribution Functions (BRDF & BTDF) of flight diffusers and witness samples. As we look to the future, the Calibration Laboratory will be automating routine processes throughout the facility and updating our online data collection and distribution capabilities. We are adding monitoring radiometers to our Grande calibration sphere to improve NIST traceability. Hardware updates to our scatterometers will keep us aligned with the diffuser calibration capabilities being developed at NIST.
Space-based astrophysical and remote sensing observations often require the detection and measurement of light originating from distant and relatively faint objects. These observations are highly susceptible to scattered light which may introduce imaging artifacts, obscure object details, and increase measurement noise. This paper describes the initial work of characterizing representative black materials used in coronagraph instruments and other spaceborne instruments. Measurements of “blackness” and the achieved reflectance of black silicon are provided in the spectral range from 400nm to 2500nm using 8o directional hemispherical measurements. The bidirectional reflectance of black silicon was also measured at discrete wavelengths, 633nm, and 1064nm, using the optical scatterometer located at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Diffuser Calibration Laboratory (DCL). A 100mm diameter black silicon sample was fabricated and optically characterized. The BRDF of other well-known black materials such as Z306 and Fractal Black are also presented and discussed.
Many of NASA’s direct imaging of exoplanet missions and projects require fabricated coronagraph masks to control scattering and diffraction of light. The designed, patterned mask intended for the coronagraphic testbeds are highly absorptive in the visible range on non-metallic regions. In this work, we employed the cryogenic etching process to fabricate black silicon (BSi) to achieve a high aspect ratio (HAR) structures with higher etch rate than conventional reactive ion etching (REI). Recent bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurements of uniformly etched BSi on silicon wafer show highly diffusive BSi with a specular reflective component in the orders of seven magnitudes lower than the total hemispherical reflectance when the polarized or non-polarized incident beam is used.
Radiation Budget Instrument (RBI) is a scanning radiometer that measures earth reflected solar radiance and thermal emission at the top-of-atmosphere. RBI has three radiance channels that cover 0.25-5μm, 5-100μm and 0.25-100μm spectral bands respectively. To ensure highly accurate measurement throughout mission life, RBI is equipped with two internal calibration targets to routinely calibrate the radiance channels on orbit. A highly stable Electrical Substitution Radiometer (ESR) based Visible Calibration Target (VCT) is used to calibrate RBI short wave and total channel; A 3- bounce specular trap blackbody Infrared Calibration Target (ICT) with high emissivity, High accuracy temperature measurement is used to calibrate the RBI long wave channel. Prior to launch, RBI will undergo a comprehensive ground calibration campaign in a thermal vacuum chamber developed for RBI at the Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL). A set of calibration targets developed by SDL, including short wave radiance source (SWRS), long wave infrared calibration source (LWIRCS), and a space view simulator (SVS) were used for RBI ground calibration. The plan is to characterize RBI absolute radiance measurement accuracy and repeatability, tie internal calibration targets to ground calibration, to carry the ground calibration to orbit. In fall 2017, the RBI Engineering Development Unit (EDU) went through the ground calibration campaign, as the pathfinder for flight unit. A large discrepancy was observed between the SDL target based calibration and RBI internal target based calibration. In this paper, we describe the discrepancy observed, the root cause analysis, and some lessons learned.
Satellite instruments operating in the reflective solar wavelength region require accurate and precise determination of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions (BRDFs) of the laboratory and flight diffusers used in their pre-flight and on-orbit calibrations. This paper advances that initial work and presents a comparison of spectral Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Directional Hemispherical Reflectance (DHR) of Spectralon*, a common material for laboratory and onorbit flight diffusers. A new measurement setup for BRDF measurements from 900 nm to 2500 nm located at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is described. The GSFC setup employs an extended indium gallium arsenide detector, bandpass filters, and a supercontinuum light source. Comparisons of the GSFC BRDF measurements in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) with those made by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Spectral Tri-function Automated Reference Reflectometer (STARR) are presented. The Spectralon sample used in this study was 2 inch diameter, 99% white pressed and sintered Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) target. The NASA/NIST BRDF comparison measurements were made at an incident angle of 0° and viewing angle of 45° . Additional BRDF data not compared to NIST were measured at additional incident and viewing angle geometries and are not presented here. The total combined uncertainty for the measurement of BRDF in the SWIR range made by the GSFC scatterometer is less than 1% (k = 1). This study is in support of the calibration of the Radiation Budget Instrument (RBI) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suit (VIIRS) instruments of the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) and other current and future NASA remote sensing missions operating across the reflected solar wavelength region.
Fused silica diffusers, made by forming scattering centers inside fused silica glass, can exhibit desirable optical properties,
such as reflectance or transmittance independent of viewing angle, spectrally flat response into the ultraviolet wavelength
range, and good spatial uniformity. The diffusers are of interest for terrestrial and space borne remote sensing instruments,
which use light diffusers in reflective and transmissive applications. In this work, we report exploratory measurements of
two samples of fused silica diffusers. We will present goniometric bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF)
measurements under normal illumination provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)’s
Goniometric Optical Scatter Instrument (GOSI), by NIST’s Infrared reference integrating sphere (IRIS) and by the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’s Diffuser Calibration Laboratory. We also present
hemispherical diffuse transmittance and reflectance measurements provided by NIST’s Double integrating sphere Optical
Scattering Instrument (DOSI). The data from the DOSI is analyzed by Prahl’s inverse adding-doubling algorithm to obtain
the absorption and reduced scattering coefficient of the samples. Implications of fused silica diffusers for remote sensing
applications are discussed.
Satellite instruments operating in the reflected solar wavelength region require accurate and precise determination of the optical properties of their diffusers used in pre-flight and post-flight calibrations. The majority of recent and current space instruments use reflective diffusers. As a result, numerous Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) calibration comparisons have been conducted between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and other industry and university-based metrology laboratories. However, based on literature searches and communications with NIST and other laboratories, no Bidirectional Transmittance Distribution Function (BTDF) measurement comparisons have been conducted between National Measurement Laboratories (NMLs) and other metrology laboratories. On the other hand, there is a growing interest in the use of transmissive diffusers in the calibration of satellite, air-borne, and ground-based remote sensing instruments. Current remote sensing instruments employing transmissive diffusers include the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite instrument (OMPS) Limb instrument on the Suomi-National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) platform,, the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) on the Korea Aerospace Research Institute’s (KARI) Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS), the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura platform, the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument and the Geostationary Environmental Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS).. This ensemble of instruments requires validated BTDF measurements of their onboard transmissive diffusers from the ultraviolet through the near infrared. This paper presents the preliminary results of a BTDF comparison between the NASA Diffuser Calibration Laboratory (DCL) and NIST on quartz and thin Spectralon samples.
Sintered PTFE is an extremely stable, near-perfect Lambertian reflecting diffuser and calibration standard material that has been used by national labs, space, aerospace and commercial sectors for over two decades. New uncertainty targets of 2% on-orbit absolute validation in the Earth Observing Systems community have challenged the industry to improve is characterization and knowledge of almost every aspect of radiometric performance (space and ground). Assuming “near perfect” reflectance for angular dependent measurements is no longer going to suffice for many program needs. The total hemispherical spectral reflectance provides a good mark of general performance; but, without the angular characterization of bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurements, critical data is missing from many applications and uncertainty budgets. Therefore, traceable BRDF measurement capability is needed to characterize sintered PTFE’s angular response and provide a full uncertainty profile to users. This paper presents preliminary comparison measurements of the BRDF of sintered PTFE from several laboratories to better quantify the BRDF of sintered PTFE, assess the BRDF measurement comparability between laboratories, and improve estimates of measurement uncertainties under laboratory conditions.
A Light-Emitting Diode (LED)-driven integrating sphere light source has been fabricated and assembled in the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Code 618 Biospheric Sciences Laboratory’s Calibration Facility. This light source is a 30.5 cm diameter integrating sphere lined with Spectralon. A set of four LEDs of different wavelengths are mounted on the integrating sphere’s wall ports. A National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) characterized Si detector is mounted on a port to provide real-time monitoring data for reference. The measurement results presented here include the short-term and long-term stability and polarization characterization of the output from this LED-driven integrating sphere light source. As an initial application, this light source is used to characterize detector/pre-amplifier gain linearity in light detection systems. The measurement results will be presented and discussed.
A Space-based Calibration Transfer Spectroradiometer (SCATS) is combined with a ground calibration
spectral albedo radiometric standard which consists of an opaque quartz glass Mie scattering diffuser (MSD) which
has very good Lambertian scattering properties in both reflectance and transmittance modes. This system provides
the capability for determining long term changes in the spectral albedo calibrations which operate in the solar
reflective wavelength region. The spectral albedo calibration would be traceable to the SIRCUS and STARR NIST
calibration facilities. The on-orbit radiometric standard is the Sun. The NIST traceable ground spectral albedo
calibration is invariant between the ground and on-orbit over the instrument lifetime due to the use of a field of view
defining mechanical baffle to differentiate between radiance and irradiance.
Charles Bachmann, Deric Gray, Andrei Abelev, William Philpot, Marcos Montes, Robert Fusina, Joseph Musser, Rong-Rong Li, Michael Vermillion, Geoffrey Smith, Daniel Korwan, Charlotte Snow, W. David Miller, Joan Gardner, Mark Sletten, Georgi Georgiev, Barry Truitt, Marcus Killmon, Jon Sellars, Jason Woolard, Christopher Parrish, Art Schwarzscild
In June 2011, a multi-sensor airborne remote sensing campaign was flown at the Virginia Coast Reserve Long Term
Ecological Research site with coordinated ground and water calibration and validation (cal/val) measurements.
Remote sensing imagery acquired during the ten day exercise included hyperspectral imagery (CASI-1500),
topographic LiDAR, and thermal infra-red imagery, all simultaneously from the same aircraft. Airborne synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) data acquisition for a smaller subset of sites occurred in September 2011 (VCR'11). Focus
areas for VCR'11 were properties of beaches and tidal flats and barrier island vegetation and, in the water column,
shallow water bathymetry. On land, cal/val emphasized tidal flat and beach grain size distributions, density,
moisture content, and other geotechnical properties such as shear and bearing strength (dynamic deflection
modulus), which were related to hyperspectral BRDF measurements taken with the new NRL Goniometer for
Outdoor Portable Hyperspectral Earth Reflectance (GOPHER). This builds on our earlier work at this site in 2007
related to beach properties and shallow water bathymetry. A priority for VCR'11 was to collect and model
relationships between hyperspectral imagery, acquired from the aircraft at a variety of different phase angles, and
geotechnical properties of beaches and tidal flats. One aspect of this effort was a demonstration that sand density
differences are observable and consistent in reflectance spectra from GOPHER data, in CASI hyperspectral imagery,
as well as in hyperspectral goniometer measurements conducted in our laboratory after VCR'11.
Satellite instruments operating in the reflective solar wavelength region require accurate and precise
determination of the Bidirectional Reflectance Factor (BRF) of laboratory-based diffusers used in their pre-flight
and on-orbit radiometric calibrations. BRF measurements are required throughout the reflected-solar spectrum from
the ultraviolet through the shortwave infrared. Spectralon diffusers are commonly used as a reflectance standard for
bidirectional and hemispherical geometries. The Diffuser Calibration Laboratory (DCaL) at NASA's Goddard Space
Flight Center is a secondary calibration facility with reflectance measurements traceable to those made by the
Spectral Tri-function Automated Reference Reflectometer (STARR) facility at the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST). For more than two decades, the DCaL has provided numerous NASA projects with BRF
data in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS) and the Near InfraRed (NIR) spectral regions. Presented in this paper are
measurements of BRF from 1475 nm to 1625 nm obtained using an indium gallium arsenide detector and a tunable
coherent light source. The sample was a 50.8 mm (2 in) diameter, 99% white Spectralon target. The BRF results are
discussed and compared to empirically generated data from a model based on NIST certified values of 6°directional-hemispherical spectral reflectance factors from 900 nm to 2500 nm. Employing a new NIST capability
for measuring bidirectional reflectance using a cooled, extended InGaAs detector, BRF calibration measurements of
the same sample were also made using NIST's STARR from 1475 nm to 1625 nm at an incident angle of 0° and at
viewing angle of 45°. The total combined uncertainty for BRF in this ShortWave Infrared (SWIR) range is less than
1%. This measurement capability will evolve into a BRF calibration service in SWIR region in support of NASA
remote sensing missions.
Emerging instrumental requirements for remotely sensing tropospheric trace species have led to a rethinking by some of
the paradigm for Système International d'Unités (SI) traceability of the spectral irradiance and radiance radiometric
calibrations to spectral albedo (sr-1) which is not a SI unit. In the solar reflective wavelength region the spectral albedo
calibrations are tied often to either the spectral albedo of a solar diffuser or the Moon.
This new type of Mie scattering diffuser (MSD) is capable of withstanding high temperatures, and is more Lambertian
than SpectralonTM. It has the potential of covering the entire solar reflective wavelength region. Laboratory
measurements have shown that the specular reflectance component is negligible, and indicate that internal absorption by
multiple scattering is small. This MSD, a true volume diffuser, exhibits a high degree of radiometric stability which
suggests that measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) could provide a spectral
albedo standard. Measurements are currently in progress of its radiometric stability under a simulated space environment
of high energy ionizing and ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation for its eventual use in space as a solar diffuser.
The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) at visible and near-infrared wavelengths of
Multi-Wall Carbon NanoTubes (MWCNTs) grown on substrate materials are reported. The BRDF measurements
were performed in the Diffuser Calibration Laboratory (DCaL) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and results
at 500nm and 900nm are reported here. In addition, the 8° Directional/Hemispherical Reflectance of the samples is
reported from the ultraviolet to shortwave infrared. The 8° Directional/Hemispherical Reflectance was measured in
the Optics Branch at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The BRDF was measured at 0° and 45° incident angles
and from -80° to +80° scatter angles using a monochromatic source. The optical scatter properties of the samples as
represented by their BRDF were found to be strongly influenced by the choice of substrate. As a reference, the
optical scattering properties of the carbon nanotubes are compared to the BRDF of Aeroglaze Z306TM and Rippey
Ultrapol IVTM, a well-known black paint and black appliqué, respectively. The possibility, promise, and challenges
of employing carefully engineered carbon nanotubes in straylight control applications particularly for spaceflight
instrumentation is also discussed.
Satellite instruments operating in the reflective solar wavelength region often require accurate and precise
determination of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF). Laboratory-based diffusers are used in
their pre-flight calibrations and at ground-based support of on-orbit remote sensing instruments. The Diffuser Calibration
Lab at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center is a secondary diffuser calibration standard after NIST for over two
decades, providing numerous NASA projects with BRDF data in the UV, Visible and the NIR spectral regions. The
Diffuser Calibration Lab works on extending the covered spectral range from 900 nm up to 1.7 microns. The
measurements are made using the existing scatterometer by replacing the Si photodiode based receiver with an InGaAs-based
one. The BRDF data was recorded at normal incidence and scatter zenith angles from 10 to 60 deg. Tunable
coherent light source was used at this setup. Monochromator based broadband light source application is also under
development. The results are discussed and compared to empirically generated BRDF data from simple model based on
6 deg directional/hemispherical measurements and experimental data in the 900 - 1100 nm spectral range.
Satellite instruments operating in the reflective solar wavelength region often require accurate and precise
determination of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of laboratory based diffusers used in their
pre-flight calibrations. In this paper we present gray Spectralon BRDF measured using a monochromatic broadband
source at ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared wavelengths. By comparing these results, we quantitatively examine the
wavelength and geometrical scatter properties of gray-scale Spectralon. The Spectralon diffusers with specified
hemispherical reflectances of 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 99% were measured using P
and S incident polarized light over a range of incident and scatter angles. The measurements are compared, and the
influence of material composition on the BRDF is described. The future application of gray-scale Spectralon in the
calibration of spaceborne sensors is described. All data were obtained using the out-of-plane scatterometer located in
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center's Diffuser Calibration Facility. The results are NIST traceable.
Samples from soil and leaf litter were obtained at a site located in the savanna biome of South Africa (Skukuza; 25.0°S, 31.5°E) and their bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDF) were measured using the out-of-plane scatterometer located in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Diffuser Calibration Facility (DCaF). BRDF was measured using P and S incident polarized light over a range of incident and scatter angles. A monochromator-based broadband light source was used in the ultraviolet (uv) and visible (vis) spectral ranges. The diffuse scattered light was collected using an uv-enhanced silicon photodiode detector with output fed to a computer-controlled lock-in amplifier. Typical measurement uncertainties of the reported laboratory BRDF measurements are found to be less than 1% (k=1). These laboratory results were compared with airborne measurements of BRDF from NASA's Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) instrument over the same general site where the samples were obtained. This study presents preliminary results of the comparison between these laboratory and airborne BRDF measurements and identifies areas for future laboratory and airborne BRDF measurements. This paper presents initial results in a study to try to understand BRDF measurements from laboratory, airborne, and satellite measurements in an attempt to improve the consistency of remote sensing models.
Many satellite instruments operating in the reflective solar wavelength region between 400 nm and 2500 nm require accurate and precise determination of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of on-board diffusers used in their pre-flight and on-orbit calibrations. In this paper we study the characteristics and effects of speckles in the measurement of the BRDF of Spectralon diffusers. Two types of light sources were used in this study: a monochromator based broadband source and a coherent laser source at 632.8 nm. The Spectralon diffuser was measured over a range of incident and scatter angles. The speckle effect is known to be a significant issue in the measurement of Spectralon BRDF using laser sources. In this study, three different speckle pattern minimization techniques are examined. These include moving the Spectralon sample, expanding the incident spot size, and depolarizing the incident laser light. The results were compared with measurements using the incoherent monochromator-based source and the degree to which speckle was reduced is described. Speckle effects are found to be easily minimized using these simple techniques. The experimental data were obtained using the out-of-plane scatterometer located in NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center's Diffuse Calibration Facility (DCaF). The typical measurement uncertainty of reported BRDF measurements is 0.7% (k=1).
Many satellite instruments operating in the reflective solar wavelength region between 400nm and 2500nm require accurate and precise determination of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of Spectralon diffusers used in their pre-flight and on-orbit calibrations. Calibration measurements of the BRDF of a laboratory optical grade Spectralon diffuse target at different incident polarized light in ultraviolet and visible is presented. The Spectralon diffuser was measured using P and S incident polarized light and over a range of incident and scatter angles from 0 to 60 degrees. The experimental data were obtained using the out-of-plane optical scatterometer located in NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center's Diffuse Calibration Facility's. The typical measurement uncertainty of reported BRDF measurements is 0.7 % (k=1). It is shown how BRDF of Spectralon at P and S polarization of the incident light depends on the incident and scatter angles and on wavelengths. The difference is significant, depends strongly on the incident and scatter angles can be as high as 5.7% at 60 deg incident, 60 deg scatter zenith and 0 deg scatter azimuth angles
Long-term (i.e. multi-year) measurements of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of three laboratory Spectralon diffuse targets in the ultraviolet are presented. The Spectralon targets were used in the pre-launch radiance calibration of the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet/2 (SBUV/2) satellite instruments on NOAA 14 and 16. The BRDF data were obtained between 1994 and 2003 using the scatterometer located in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA's GSFC) Diffuser Calibration Facility (DCaF). The targets were measured at 13 wavelengths between 230 nm and 425 nm and at incident and scatter angles used in the SBUV/2 pre-launch calibration. With the exception of a spurious measurement in 1995, the percent difference in the measured BRDF of the first target, designated H1, was within ±0.7 % from 252nm to 425nm between 1994 and 2000. The percent difference in the measured BRDF of the second target, designated H2, was also within ±0.7 % over the same spectral range between 1997 and 2003. At 230 nm, the H1 and H2 BRDF measurements show larger differences primarily due to reduced signal to noise in the measurements. The combined measurement uncertainty of the reported BRDF measurements is 1.0% (k=1). The comparison also shows how the ultraviolet BRDF of these Spectralon samples changed over time under cleanroom deployment conditions.
The results of bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurements of four tarp samples obtained from NASA’s Stennis Space Center (SSC) are presented. The measurements were performed in the Diffuser Calibration Facility (DCaF) at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The samples are of similar material structure but different reflectance. The experimental data were obtained with a Xe arc lamp/monochromator light source as well as laser light sources in the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared spectral regions. The BRDF data were recorded at four incident zenith angles and at five incident azimuth angles. The dependence of the measured BRDF on weave orientation was analyzed and presented. 8 degree irectional/hemispherical reflectance data were also measured for each tarp sample, and those results are also reported. All results are NIST traceable through calibrated standard plates. The specular and diffuse scatter data obtained from these studies are used by NASA’s SSC in their field-based, vicarious calibration of satellite and airborne remote sensing instruments.
Novel data are presented of Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and 8° directional/hemispherical reflective measurements of Martian regolith simulant JSC Mars-1. The scatterometer of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA's GSFC) Diffuser Calibration Facility (DCaF) was used for the measurements reported. The data were obtained with a monochromator-based light source in the UltraViolet (UV), Visible (VIS), and Near InfraRed (NIR) spectral regions. The BRDF measurements were performed at different angles of incidence, and over a range of in-plane and out-of-plane geometries. The 8° directional/hemispherical reflective measurements were calibrated using a gray Spectralon sample set of 7 plates. The results presented are NIST traceable through calibrated standard plates. The hemispherical and diffuse scatter data obtained from these studies are important for future Mars space and ground based observations.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.