In this work, OLEDs based on a new modified polymer PMC 300* (as emissive layer: EML) were manufactured with the structure ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Polymer (PMC 300*)/LiF or PFN/Al. This new polymer PMC 300*: Poly[(Benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-4,7-diylbis(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene-7,2-diyl))-3,3-diyl(1-(3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-oxindole)], is a modified version of PF-1 polymer that was synthesized and used previously in our group for non-linear optical properties and in OLED devices. The CF3 additional group on PMC 300* showed an improved electroluminescence and current efficiency on OLED devices. PF-1 and PMC 300* polymers have a fluorescence quantum yield (FLQY) of approximately 1. Film formation of the hole injection layer (HIL) and the EML were made by spin coating and subsequently evaporating LiF (or PFN by spin coating) and Al as cathode. Polymer films show a very low roughness (~ 1-2 nm), as most of the polymers used in OLEDs. Due to PMC 300* excellent properties like high solubility, very high QY, high conjugation and mechanical characteristics, OLEDs based on this new modified polymer (with emission in green-yellow wavelengths) showed luminances up to 1937 cd/m2, high current efficiencies of 35 cd/A and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 2.6 %. Additionally, preliminary tests of flexible OLEDs by using this polymer are currently carrying out, results are promising.
The PV performance and aging/stability of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices based on the well-known system PTB7:[70]PCBM and an alternative air-stable electrode deposited at room conditions are fully studied when the active area is scaled by a factor of 25. On the other hand, the aging/stability processes were also studied through single diode model, impedance spectroscopy and light-beam induced current (LBIC) measurements in accordance with the established ISOS-D1 (dark storage) and ISOS-L1 (illumination conditions) protocols. Results are a good indication that the alternative cathode Field’s metal (FM) cathode works as an encapsulating material and provides excellent PV performance comparable with the common and costly high-vacuum evaporated Al cathode.
Here we propose a simple design for a solid-core photonic crystal fiber made of silica by keeping the golden ratio
(1.618) between pitch and air hole diameter Λ /d in a subset of six rings of air-holes with hexagonal arrangement. In the
case when we have a pitch equal to one micron (Λ =1 μm), we need air-holes diameters d=0.618 μm in order to obtain
the golden ratio parameter (Λ/d=1.618), and achieve two zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) points at 725 nm and 1055
nm; this gives us the possibility to use this fiber in supercontinuum generation using a laser emission close to that points.
We analyzed a series of fibers using this relation and show the possibilities of tunable ZDW in a wide range of
wavelengths from 725 nm to 2000 nm with low losses and small effective area. In agreement with the ZDW point
needed, the geometry of the structure can be modified to the point of having only three rings of air holes that surround
the solid core with low losses and good confinement mode. The design proposed here is analyzed using the finite
element method (FEM) with perfectly matched layers (PML), including the material dispersion directly into the model
applying the Sellmeier’s equation.
The supercontinuum (SC) generated by pumping in anomalous dispersion is sensitive to the input pulse fluctuations and pump laser’s shot noises and does not possess a single-pulse waveform, so the incident pulse becomes a noise-like train of spikes. A simple method of creating pulsed lasers with either pulse-maintaining ultrabroad SC or specially shaped pulse waveforms can be implemented using all-normal-dispersion microstructured optical fibers (ANDi-MOFs). An ANDi-MOF with a simple topology and dispersion profile maximum at 800 nm was designed using the effective index method. Its properties and suitability were characterized via numerical simulation of femtosecond parabolic pulse formation and generation of an octave-spanning pulse-maintaining SC using a generalized propagation equation. The designed ANDi-MOF is suitable for resolving both problems and allows some detuning of the pulse’s wavelength around 800 nm. However, a better choice for SC generation is pumping at or near the wavelength where the third-order dispersion becomes zero. This configuration benefits from the absence of pulse break-up under large pulse energies, which appears otherwise. The fiber can provide a low-cost method for developing supercontinuum sources and a solution to the problems of parabolic waveform formation to meet the needs of optical signal processing and pulse amplification and compression.
We have designed an all-normal dispersion photonic crystal fiber optimized for pumping at 800 nm with initial pulses which are typical for conventional Ti:Sapphire lasers. Parabolic pulse formation and supercontinuum generation in this fiber is analyzed both in time and frequency domains.
Organic molecular sensors have the advantage of being used through an easy, fast, economical and reliable optical method for detecting toxic metal ions in our environment. In this work, we present a simple but highly specific organic ligand compound 5-Chloro-2-((E)-((E)-3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)allylidene)amino)phenol (L1) that acts as a colorimetric sensor for ions in a mixture of acetonitrile/water (ratio 10:1, v:v). Binding interaction between L1 and various metal-ions has been established by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic measurements that indicate favorable coordination of the ligand with selective metal ions, particularly, with copper. These results showed that the electronic transition band shape of L1 change after binding with copper in aqueous solution. L1 exhibited binding-induced color changes from yellow to pink one detected by the naked eye. This new sensor presented 2.5 × 10-6 M as limit detection, even under the presence of other metal ions.
The following work presents the linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties for two ligands (L1-L2) derived from cinnamaldehyde and their corresponding boron complexes (B1-B2). These organic molecules have a backbone with electronic π-systems possessing different "push-pull" features. The structure confirmation of compounds L1 and B1 was made through X-ray diffraction analysis, wherein is observed that planar conformation is conserved after boron complexation on B1. Linear absorption of ligands and boron complexes shows a red shift after boron complexation which could be attributed to more efficient intramolecular charge transfer. Second and third-order NLO responses were performed by Electric Field Induced Second Harmonic (EFISH) Generation technique at 1.9 μm and Third-Harmonic Generation (THG) at 1.9 and 1.067 μm, respectively. Experimental results showed an increment on the hyperpolarizabilities values from ligands to boron complexes which are attributed to N→B coordinative bond. The first hyperpolarizability increased by factors of 3 and 2 from L1 to B1 and L2 to B2, respectively. Individually, these studies demonstrate that B1 is the strongest NLO compound, showed values of first hyperpolarizability 126×10-24 and second hyperpolarizability 35×10-24.
In this work we report new highly efficient organic photorefractive polymers based on aryl-cyano non-linear
chromophores [(4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino]benzonitrile (CN-C-OH) and [4-(diethylamino)
benzylideneamino]benzonitrile (CN-S-OH). The PR polymer blends are composed by the photoconductor poly
(9-vinylcarbazole) and plasticizer 9-ethylcarbazole PVK:ECZ matrix, as well as the sensitizer fullerene C60.
Holographic experiments in a tilted four wave mixing (FWM) and two beam coupling (TBC) geometry were
carried out by using a 10 mW He-Ne laser (633 nm). The experiments were performed at room temperature to
measure the electric field steady-state diffraction efficiency dependence of the PR composites. High diffraction
efficiency as high as 90 % was observed for polymers based on CN-C-OH at 25 wt. % doping level and an
external applied electric field around 56 V/μm. The μβ product was also measured by EFISH technique for
compounds CN-C-OH and CN-S-OH, results showed that CN-C-OH present a value 3.5 times higher than CN-S-
OH, which is supported by a theoretical prediction. Demonstration of fast reversible holographic imaging (~0.5
s) by using these highly efficient organic photorefractive polymers based on CN-C-OH and CN-S-OH is
presented.
The search of clean and renewable energy sources is one of the most important challenges that mankind confronts.
Recently there has been a notable interest to develop organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology as a mean of renewable
energy source since it combines low-cost and easy fabrication. Most of the efforts have been directed to increase the
efficiency, leaving aside the durability of the organic materials, however, a new architecture known as inverted solar cell
might bring a never seen durability (years) that could make possible large scale applications of this technology. Here are
presented the results we achieved using both, the conventional and inverted architectures employing as organic donor
(D) the very well known semi-conducting polymer P3HT, in mixtures with the acceptor (A) fullerene PC61BM. The
morphology of thin polymer films prepared by using the spin coating technique was analyzed by AFM. For the
conventional architecture the cells were fabricated following the structure ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PC61BM/Wood´s
metal, where the Wood´s metal cathode is an alloy that melts at 75 °C. For the inverted architecture the structure
ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PC61BM /PEDOT:PSS/(Ag, Cu or Silver paint) was used, where ITO worked as cathode by switching
its work function through the introduction of ZnO nanoparticles. Under tests using Xenon lamp irradiation at 100
mW/cm2, the conventional and the inverted architectures produced efficiencies of 1.75 % and 0.5 %, respectively. For
both architectures the chosen back-contact materials (Wood´s metal and silver paint) allowed us to easily make the OPVs
cells without the need of vacuum steps.
Colorimetric chemosensors are simple, economical and practical optical approach for detecting toxic metal ions (Hg2+,
Pb2+, Ni2+, etc.) in the environment. In this work, we present a simple but highly specific organic compound 4-chloro-2-((E)-((E)-3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)allylidene)amino)phenol (L1) that acts as a colorimetric sensor for divalent metal
ions in H2O. The mechanism of the interaction between L1 and various metal-ions has been established by UV-vis
absorption and emission spectroscopic experiments that indicate favorable coordination of metal ions with L1 in
different solvents. Experimental results indicate that the shape of the electronic transition band of L1 (receptor
compound) changed after the interaction with divalent metal-ions, such as Hg2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ in
aqueous solution. We found that L1 have a considerable selectivity for Ni2+ ions, even in presence of other metals ions
when mixtures of DMSO/H2O as are used as solvents. L1, which has been targeted for sensing transition metal ions,
exhibits binding-induced color changes from yellow to pink observed even by the naked eye in presence of Ni2+ ions.
In the modeling of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers by ultrashort pulses, the knowledge of the
higher-order dispersion terms of the fiber are necessary to achieve a good approximation between the simulated and
experimental spectra. However, these parameters are usually not provided by the manufacturer. In this work, we present
the numerical estimation of the higher-order dispersion terms for a nonlinear photonic crystal fiber with hexagonal holes.
For the simulation, we chose a commercial fiber with a high nonlinear response (Blazephotonics NL-2.4-8). The fiber
was designed with a small core diameter of 2.4 μm and a triangular pattern of air holes in the cladding with a pitch of
2.9 μm. Through the free software, MIT Photonic Bands, the structure of the fiber was modeled and the effective
refractive index, as well as the dispersion terms curves are estimated. From our results, the zero-dispersion wavelength of
the fiber resulted to be of 800 nm and at this wavelength, the higher-order dispersion terms were: β2=0, β3=0.05 ps3/km,
β4=-7.03×10-5 ps4/km, β5=1.4×10-7 ps5/km, β6=-4.163×10-10 ps6/km, β7=1.118×10-12 ps7/km. The zero-dispersion
wavelength and the dispersion slope estimated at this wavelength agree with the values reported by the manufacturer.
In this work, fast and reliable spectroscopic methods in combination with chemometric tools were developed for
simultaneous determination of Acetylsalicylic Acid, Acetaminophen and Caffeine in commercial formulations. For the
first-order multivariate calibration method (PLS-1), calibration and validation sets were constructed with 23 and 10
samples respectively according to a central composite design. The Micro-Raman, FTIR-HATR and UV absorption
spectra in the region of 100-2000 cm-1, 400-4400 cm-1 and 200-350 nm, respectively, were recorded. The % REP's
(Percentage of relative error of prediction) was less than 18 for all used spectroscopic techniques. Subsequently,
commercial pharmaceutical samples were analyzed with percentage of recovery between 90 and 117% for the three
compounds.
The search of clean, inexpensive and renewable energy sources is one of the most important challenges that the mankind
is currently confronting. Recently there has been a notable interest of the scientific community to develop organic
photovoltaic (OPV) technology as a mean of renewable energy source since it combines low-cost and easy fabrication.
We have fabricated and tested plastic solar devices (OPVs) by using the bulk heterojunction approach. OPVs were
prepared by blending 6-Nitro-3-(E)-3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)allylidene)-2,3 dihydrobenzo[d][1,3,2]-oxazaborole (M1)
and (E)-3-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)allylidene)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]-[1,3,2]oxazaborole (M2), which are conjugated and
non-linear low molecular weight molecules prepared in our laboratories, and the well known photoconductor polymer
MEH-PPV; fullerene PC61BM was the sensitizer. The morphology of thin polymer films prepared by using the spin
coating technique was analyzed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). For the electric contact, commercial and
transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) deposited on glass slides was used, and a metal alloy of Pb/Bi/Cd/Sn as cathode, was
easily deposited on the polymer film by melting the alloy at 75 °C. Open circuit voltages (Voc) of ~ 700 mV and short
circuit currents (Jsc) of ~ 0.75 mA/cm2 under solar (AM1.5) illumination were measured for MEH-PPV and M1 based
samples. For OPVs cells based on mixtures of either M1 and MEH-PPV or M2 and MEH-PPV there was a large
electrical enhancement showing Voc ~ 700 mV and Jsc ~ 2.0 mA/cm2. OPVs cells were also tested under Xe-lamp
illumination. Measurements from the I-V curves gave electrical efficiencies close to 1%.
An alternative method to chromatography is reported to discriminate among white and aging tequilas. In a previous
work we had reported a similar method to discriminate between 100% blue agave and mixed tequilas. A data base of
145 tequilas was created where well known tequila brands and tequilas in bulk were included. The bottled tequilas were
purchased at various Mexican liquor stores to ensure that different batches of each brand were included in the data base.
The method that we propose to discriminate tequilas may also be used for quality control in distilleries and, with the
help of the data base, to identify counterfeit tequilas.
The preparation and characterization of organic photorefractive polymer composites derived from (2-(p-chlorophenyl)-(3'-nitrobenzo[d])-(4''-methoxybenzo[h])-1,3-dioxa-6-aza-2-boracyclonon-6-ene, a push-pull boronate, which shows NLO properties, are described. The polymers are based in the photoconductor poly(9-vinylcarbazole) and the plasticizer 9-ethylcarbazole PVK:ECZ matrix, and C60 as sensitizer. For the photorefractive performance, two different chromophore concentrations were used, in addition, the ratio of PVK:ECZ was varied to see the effect on the room temperature molecular orientation. Holographic experiments in a tilted four and two wave mixing geometry were performed by using a 10 mW He-Ne laser (632.8 nm). The experiments were performed at room temperature, with a fixed grating spacing Λ of 2.9 μm, for determining the electric field steady-state diffraction efficiency dependency and the optical gain of the composites. Acceptable photorefractive properties were observed for a polymer with a glass transition temperature Tg of 77°C. Even at this Tg, the response time was less than one second.
A low cost technique based on the UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy is presented for the quality control of the spirit drink known as tequila. It is shown that such spectra offer enough information to discriminate a given spirit drink from a group of bottled commercial tequilas. The technique was applied to white tequilas. Contrary to the reference analytic methods, such as chromatography, for this technique neither special personal training nor sophisticated instrumentations is required. By using hand-held instrumentation this technique can be applied in situ during the production process.
Third-order nonlinear properties of polymer films doped with triarylmethane dyes have been measured by using third-harmonic generation (THG) for fundamental wavelengths within the range 1 100 nm - 1 600 nm. Our studies show that the triarylmethane dyes Crystal Violet and Ethyl Violet, with a multidirectional charge transfer in their 3-fold symmetry structure (octopolar dimensionality), exhibit large third-order nonlinear coefficient and low residual absorption for harmonic wavelengths, leading to a high conversion efficiencies of THG. The studied films are good candidates for ultra-fast optical correlators.
Charge transport phenomena in semiconducting doped polymers is very important due to their spread use in xerography, electroluminescent devices (OLED's), photovoltaic cells and photorefractive systems. The carrier mobilities were determined by time-of-flight (TOF) measurements on indium-tin oxide/polymer composites/indium-tin oxide samples. Data are collected as a function of different external applied fields at various temperatures and are analyzed according to the disorder formalism.
We report on efficient third-harmonic generation (THG) with large spectral and angular bandwidths in polymer thin films doped with conjugated organic molecules. Using the efficient THG exhibited by these organic films, we demonstrate real-time, time-gated, direct imaging of objects immersed in highly scattering media by using femtosecond pulses tuned at the eye-safe and telecommunication-compatible near-infrared spectral region (1550 nm). By using a low cost detection system we resolved THG time-gated images of objects immersed in media with a scattering attenuation of 14 mean-free paths, equivalent to an attenuation of six optical densities.
Recently optics courses have been implemented at the High School of the UNAM. For these courses, the school purchased commercial optics kits to develop illustrative and simple experiments. In education, lasers play a dominant role for many examples of optics, for instance, interference experiments are easily performed and visualized using an inexpensive laser diode or an He-Ne laser. Teacher participation in workshops is very important to make them confident in the use of lasers and other optics tools so their students have a proper guide for hands-on optics experiments in classroom. In the case of the UNAM this kind of workshops started at the beginning of 1997 with 25 high school teachers as the initial phase for designing didactic activities in optics. As part of these activities we have developed forty additional experiments, apart from the ten projects included in the kit manual. In almost all of them, we used a He-Ne laser. Experiments such as air refractive index measurements, irradiance measurements using simple and inexpensive photodetectors, optical activity and polarization, retardation plates, photoelasticity, diffraction and interference, scattering and polarization of light in a scattered medium, and many others were developed. They are performed using the elements provided by the kit and additional and simple items easy to obtain or to make.
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