E. Oliva, L. Origlia, R. Maiolino, C. Baffa, V. Biliotti, P. Bruno, G. Falcini, V. Gavriousev, F. Ghinassi, E. Giani, M. Gonzalez, F. Leone, M. Lodi, F. Massi, I. Mochi, P. Montegriffo, M. Pedani, E. Rossetti, S. Scuderi, M. Sozzi, A. Tozzi
GIANO is a high resolution (R50,000) IR spectrograph which provides a quasi-complete coverage of the 0.95-
2.5μm wavelengths range in a single exposure. The instrument was integrated and tested in Arcetri-INAF
(Florence, Italy) and will be commisioned at the 3.58m TNG Italian telescope in La Palma. The major scientific goals include the search for rocky planets with habitable conditions around low-mass stars, quantitative spectroscopy of brown dwarfs, accurate chemical abundances of high metallicity stars and stellar clusters. This presentation describes the status of the instrument and presents the first results obtained in laboratory during the acceptance tests.
MOONS is a new conceptual design for a multi-object spectrograph for the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT)
which will provide the ESO astronomical community with a powerful, unique instrument able to serve a wide
range of Galactic, Extragalactic and Cosmological studies. The instrument foresees 1000 fibers which can be
positioned on a field of view of 500 square-arcmin. The sky-projected diameter of each fiber is at least 1 arcsec
and the wavelengths coverage extends from 0.8 to 1.8 μm.
This paper presents and discusses the design of the spectrometer, a task which is allocated to the Italian National
Institute of Astrophysics (INAF).
The baseline design consists of two identical cryogenic spectrographs. Each instrument collects the light from
over 500 fibers and feeds, through dichroics, 3 spectrometers covering the "I" (0.79-0.94 μm), "YJ" (0.94-1.35
μm) and "H" (1.45-1.81 μm) bands.
The low resolution mode provides a complete spectrum with a resolving power ranging from R'4,000 in the
YJ-band, to R'6,000 in the H-band and R'8,000 in the I-band. A higher resolution mode with R'20,000 is
also included. It simultaneously covers two selected spectral regions within the J and H bands.
GIANO-TNG is an ultra-stable infrared (0.9-2.5 μm) high resolution cross-dispersed spectrometer designed to operate at a fixed position relative to the telescope axis. It therefore requires a pre-slit opto-mechanical system which takes care of field de-rotation and auto-guiding. Taking advantage of the structure already existing for SARG (the high resolution optical spectrometer of the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, TNG) we are developing a system which provides a large (2 arcmin) field of view for offset guiding and includes, as separate and selectable elements, a gas absorption cell and a polarimetric module where the analyzers work in a collimated beam.
GIANO is an infrared (0.9-2.5 μm cross-dispersed echelle spectrometer designed to achieve high resolution, high throughput, wide band coverage and very high stability for accurate radial velocity measurements. It also includes polarimetric capabilities and a low resolution mode with RS ~ 400 and complete 0.75-2.5 μm coverage. This makes it a very versatile, common user instrument which will be permanently mounted and available on the Nasmyth-B foci of the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) located at Roque de Los Muchachos Observatory (ORM), La Palma, Spain. The project is fast-track and relies on well known, relatively standard technologies. It has been recognized as one of the top priority instrumental projects of INAF (the Italian National Institute of Astronomy) and received its first financing for the phase-A study in October 2003. Integration in the laboratory is planned to start before the end of 2006, commissioning at the telescope is foreseen within 2007 and scientific operations in 2008. One of the most important scientific goals is the search for rocky planets with habitable conditions around low-mass stars. If completed on time, GIANO will be the first and only IR instrument operating worldwide
providing the combination of efficiency, spectral resolution, wavelength coverage and stability necessary for this type of research. With its unique combination of high and low resolution modes, GIANO will also be a very flexible common-user instrument ideal e.g. for quantitative spectroscopy of brown dwarfs, stars and stellar clusters as well as for the determination of the spectral energy distribution of faint/red objects such as high redshift galaxies. The expected limiting magnitudes are such that GIANO will be able to deliver good quality HR spectra of any 2MASS object and LR spectra of any object detected in the UKIDSS large area survey.
CAOS (Catania Astrophysical Observatory Spectrograph) is a high-resolution (R~60,000), fiber fed, bench-mounted, prism cross-dispersed, white-pupil R-4 echelle spectrograph with polarimetric capabilities, for the 0.91m telescope on Mt. Etna. Wavelengths from 390 to 710 nm are covered in one-shot with a 2Kx2K 13.5 micron CCD. Inherent high efficiency of the spectrograph and optimum matching between fibers and spectrograph will allow high throughput for the overall system. This instrument will replace the existing spectrograph, with a net gain in spectral resolution (about a factor 2) and in efficiency (about a factor 10), extending current studies undertaken by Catania Astrophysical Observatory in stellar physics.
GIANO is an infrared (0.9-2.5 μm) cross-dispersed echelle spectrometer designed to achieve high throughput, high resolving power, wide band coverage and high accuracy radial velocity measurements. It also includes polarimetric capabilities and a low resolution mode that make it a very versatile, common user instrument which will be permanently mounted and available at one of the Nasmyth foci of the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) located at Roque de Los Muchachos Observatory (ORM), La Palma, Spain. GIANO was selected by INAF as the top priority instrument among those proposed within the Second Generation Instrumentation Plan of the TNG. More information on this project can be found at the web page http://www.bo.astro.it/giano
In alt-azimuth telescopes Nasmyth foci are suitable focal planes to reduce mechanical instrument complexity and costs. However, they present some disadvantages mainly due to the field rotation. This is a particularly crucial point in polarimetric observations. Because of the folding mirror, the radiation polarization state is so modified that, to avoid systematic errors, instrumental polarization has to be removed as a function of the telescope position. A model of the polarization introduced by the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) at its focal plane is presented. The model takes into account physical and geometrical properties of the optical system, complex refraction index of the mirrors and their relative position, deriving instrumental polarization as a function of the pointing coordinates of the telescope. This model has been developed by means of Muller matrices calculation. Telescope instrumental polarization has been measured following some standard polarization stars at different telescope positions. The mathematical model, here discussed, was confirmed comparing the theoretical results and the experimental measurements at the TNG instruments.
The polarimeter built for the high resolution spectrograph (SARG) of the alto-azimuthal Telescopio Nazionale Galileo is presented. This double-beam instrument, able to take into account time independent
(instrumental) and time dependent (sky transparence) sensitivity,
is based on a Fresnel prism (λ/2) and K-prism (λ/4) which gives an almost constant retard along the very large wavelength interval covered with new spectrographs: SARG covers the 370 - 1020 nm range and more than 300 nm in a single exposure. The two flat metallic mirrors, which are necessary to feed the spectrograph,
and the alto-azimuthal mounting of the telescope are responsible of
an instrumental polarisation depending on the sky position of the
target. A modelling of the instrumental polarisation and a hardware correction of the sky rotation are performed to measure the polarisation across stellar-like object at R=115,000 resolution.
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