KEYWORDS: Printing, Fused deposition modeling, Inspection, Translucency, Optical components, Near field optics, Near field, Luminescence, Scatterometry, Imaging systems
The use of 3d printing technology seems to be a promising way for low cost prototyping, not only of mechanical, but also of optical components or systems. It is especially useful in applications where customized equipment repeatedly is subject to immediate destruction, as in experimental detonics and the like. Due to the nature of the 3D-printing process, there is a certain inner texture and therefore inhomogeneous optical behaviour to be taken into account, which also indicates mechanical anisotropy. Recent investigations are dedicated to quantification of optical properties of such printed bodies and derivation of corresponding optimization strategies for the printing process. Beside mounting, alignment and illumination means, also refractive and reflective elements are subject to investigation. The proposed measurement methods are based on an imaging nearfield scatterometer for combined volume and surface scatter measurements as proposed in previous papers. In continuation of last year’s paper on the use of near field imaging, which basically is a reflective shadowgraph method, for characterization of glossy surfaces like printed matter or laminated material, further developments are discussed. The device has been extended for observation of photoelasticity effects and therefore homogeneity of polarization behaviour. A refined experimental set-up is introduced. Variation of plane of focus and incident angle are used for separation of various the images of the layers of the surface under test, cross and parallel polarization techniques are applied. Practical examples from current research studies are included.
The paper is understood as a continuation of a series of papers on surface metrology for application in quality control of printed matter. A stereoscopic device for extremely rugged applications, especially in quality control in printing industry, is presented. The device developed is based on variable tilted delay elements, which allow the use of a single imaging sensor and robust definition of parallax shift. Variable orthogonal delay elements were already used for variation of plane of focus in surface inspection, as described in previous papers. The method can be applied for macroscopical as well as for microscopic imaging. Beside mechanical design issues, the theoretical description, geometrical-optical approaches, and the treatment of the dispersion problem are discussed. Experimental results are included.
Following the recent work on the characterization of flexo-printing plates a concept for inspection of glossy surfaces using a defined out of focus image of the surface under parallel illumination is presented, which in principle represents a near field distribution of the reflection function of the surface. The image turns out to be equivalent to a focussed shadowgraph as used for the investigation of processes in transparent media. Beside the plain ’reflected shadow imaging’ several degrees of freedom can be exploited for configuration of the feature emphasis. The method is especially interesting for the quality control of printed matter. In the paper the definition of the system, the mechanism of the imaging process and its relation to the real image of the surface itself are considered. Further, questions of resolution, extractable features and extended applications are discussed.
Cornelius Hahlweg, Florian Dannenberg, Joachim Dörfler, Bernhard Weber, Cornelia Weyer, Harald Gercke-Hahn, Steffen Freimuth, Sören Heucke, Holger Ludwig Gutzmann
The paper is a follow up of the work presented in last year’s Optics and Music session on the perception of coherence between low frequency power modulated light and periodical acoustic stimuli. The composition of chords and harmonies from power modulated light sources and their effect as stand-alone stimulus and in conjunction with the equivalent acoustic signal is discussed. Of special interest here is the modulation near perceptible flicker frequency. The substitution of acoustical chord components by their optical counterpart and vice versa is investigated. Further, concepts of a training application for trombone players and other instrumentalists are presented: since the mean slide of the trombone does not have fixed positions, the note must be found and two players might influence each other. The possibility of helping them to synchronize by optical stimuli derived from their playing is investigated. Beside possible applications in emotional reinforcing multimedia oriented entertainment and training support for musicians, again implications for occupational medicine are discussed.
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