In general, optical spatiotemporal solitons with phase singularities, known as optical vortex bullets, are unstable. In particular, it is very difficult to preserve a vortex structure of a propagating localized wave. In this paper we propose to introduce absorption to the model used for the process description. By means of numerical simulation we study the formation and propagation of an optical vortex bullet at different regimes. Our goal is to find the conditions of bullet stabilization.
By means of numerical simulation we investigate vortex solitons comprised of coupled pulses with phase singularity under conditions of second harmonic generation. They are usually known for their low stability. We carefully examine homogeneous or inhomogeneous media. Our principal interest is to obtain a stable two-component bullet at normal dispersion. We demonstrate that such bullet can form if spreading tendencies compete with the proper focusing waveguide geometry.
We propose and discuss new effective approach for the detection and identification of substances using a THz TDS. It consists in using a substance emission at high frequencies corresponding to high energy levels relaxation due to cascade mechanism of their excitation under the broadband THz pulse action. The second approach is based on a possibility of observing the absorption frequencies of substance under the frequency up-conversion. To explain a physical mechanism of considered possibilities we make a computer simulation using 1D Maxwell's equations and density matrix formalism.
We discuss an effective method for the detection and identification of a substance, covered by a disordered structure, using the pulsed THz signal. The insufficiency of the standard THz-TDS method, based on the comparison of substance absorption spectra from database with the absorption spectrum of the substance under investigation, is demonstrated. To explain a physical mechanism of false absorption lines appearance in the signal we make a computer simulation on the base of 1D Maxwell's equations and density matrix formalism. For the detection and identification of substance we propose to utilize substance emission at high frequencies corresponding to the high energy levels excitation under the THz pulse action due to the cascade mechanism. In the case of a non-resonant medium we also discuss second harmonic generation and a possibility of its application to the substance detection and identification. The proposed method of the substance detection and identification is based on time-dependent integral correlation criteria calculated with the help of the spectral dynamics of medium response. A new type of the integral correlation criterion, which is less dependent on spectral characteristics of the noisy signal under investigation, is used for the identification.
We discuss an effective method for the detection and identification of substances using a high noisy THz signal. In order to model such a noisy signal, we add to the THz signal transmitted through a pure substance, a noisy THz signal obtained in real conditions at a long distance (more than 3.5 m) from the receiver in air. The insufficiency of the standard THz-TDS method is demonstrated. The method discussed in the paper is based on time-dependent integral correlation criteria calculated using spectral dynamics of medium response. A new type of the integral correlation criterion, which is less dependent on spectral characteristics of the noisy signal under investigation, is used for the substance identification. To demonstrate the possibilities of the integral correlation criteria in real experiment, they are applied for the identification of explosive HMX in the reflection mode. To explain the physical mechanism for the false absorption frequencies appearance in the signal we make a computer simulation using 1D Maxwell's equations and density matrix formalism.
We propose also new method for the substance identification by using the THz pulse frequency up-conversion and discuss an application of the cascade mechanism of molecules high energy levels excitation for the substance identification.
We discuss the possibility of the detection and identification of substances under real conditions. As it is well-known many harmless materials show similar spectral properties to hazardous substances. To identify a matter we are currently developing various time-dependent criteria for the estimation of the probability of a hazardous substance presence in a sample under analysis. A new type of such criteria is discussed in this paper. To explain a physical mechanism for false alarm spectral properties appearance in the signal transmitted through and reflected from a substance we make a computer simulation using 1D Maxwell's equations and density matrix formalism. A feasible approach for highly effective detection and identification of a substance is proposed.
Remote sensing using the pulsed THz-TDS is of great interest because of its possible practical applications. Many ordinary materials (paper, for example) are transparent to THz radiation while the hazardous substances, which have to detect, possess fingerprints in this frequency range. However, covers of ordinary material can distort its spectrum in such a way that the spectrum of reflected THz pulse or transmitted THz pulse will contain absorption frequencies, which are inherent to dangerous substance (explosives, illistic drugs....), despite their absence in the material under consideration. On the other hand, it is well-known that the spectrum of medium response under the action of THz pulse is broader than the incident THz pulse spectrum. This is a result of a possibility of high energy level excitation due to cascade mechanism of their excitation. For practical point of view, it is very important to know about features of a covering substance influence on the medium response spectrum broadening. This problem is investigated in our report using the computer simulation.
We carry out computer simulation of a few-cycle electromagnetic pulse interaction with a substance exhibiting nonlinear non-instantaneous response. An influence of the pulse duration and polarization relaxation rate on the pulse interaction with an uncovered medium and with a medium, which is covered by a linear disordered structure, is investigated. We demonstrate that the spectra of reflected or transmitted pulses may comprise multiple additional spectral lines, caused by various transitions between energy levels of molecules. The spectral intensity of these energy level transitions is affected by the pulse duration and the effective time of interaction which depends on polarization relaxation rate as well as the medium layer thickness.
Using both computer simulation and physical experiment, we demonstrate principal limitations of standard Time
Domain Spectroscopy based on a broadband THz pulse for the detection and identification of substance placed inside the
disordered structure. The interaction of a THz pulse with a disordered layered structure was simulated in order to show
the influence of the disordered layers on the spectral characteristics of the transmitted and reflected signals. Spectral
characteristics of these signals were analyzed in a direct comparison with the incident pulse spectrum. We showed that a
disordered structure disturbs the reflected pulse spectrum dramatically. To avoid this, we used the integral correlation
criteria in real experiment. Computer simulation results were confirmed by physical experiment. We provided the
experiments with paper bag, and ordinary sheets of paper, and napkins.
Computer simulation of a few-cycle pulse interaction with a substance covered by disordered structure is performed in
order to study the effects imposed on spectra of transmitted and reflected pulses by presence of the cover. The substance
is described by semi-classic approach and the cover is described by classic electrodynamics equations for linear isotropic
medium. The cover consists of a number of layers with different properties which is considered to be the cause of the
distortions. The influence of relation between pulse wavelength and cover layer thickness is illustrated. Computer
simulation results are compared with those of physical experiments conducted for paper and other common materials.
The interaction of a few-cycle pulse with a substance, described in terms of density matrix formalism, is investigated numerically. The influence of disordered layered structure, covering the substance, is studied. The material of disordered structure is assumed to be linear and is described in terms of classic electrodynamics. The appearance of additional spectral features, unrelated to the substance material, is demonstrated.
Remote sensing using the pulsed THz-TDS is of great interest because of its possible practical applications. Many ordinary materials (paper, for example) are transparent to THz radiation while the hazardous substances, which have to detect, possess fingerprints in this frequency range. However, cover of ordinary material can distort its spectrum in such a way that the spectrum of reflected THz pulse or transmitted THz pulse will contain absorption frequencies, which are inherent to dangerous substance (explosives, illistic drugs....), despite their absence in the material under consideration. This is a consequence of covering material influence due to its density fluctuation or its structure variation, for example. As rule, covering material structure fluctuation may be comparable with some wavelengths of the probing THz radiation. Thus, the cover can act as a disordered photonic structure with respect to incident THz pulse and its action results in additional absorption spectral lines appearance and in turn, the incorrect substance identification will take place. In this paper we discuss an influence of quasi-periodic structure with variable dielectric constant on the spectrum of a substance, which is placed behind or inside such structure. The investigation is conducted by means of computer simulation. We consider a single layer of optically active substance placed between two covers consisting of linear layers with random dielectric permittivity. Incident Gaussian pulse with a few-cycles falls on the substance covered by layers. Both transmitted pulse and reflected pulse are analyzed and their spectra are compared to those of the incident pulse. For description of a THz pulse interaction with an optically active substance covered by disordered structures we use the Maxwell’s equations together with matrix-density formalism. The appearance of additional spectrum extremes due to the layered structure influence is illustrated. Computer simulation results were confirmed by physical experiment. We provided the experiments with paper bag, and ordinary sheets of paper, and napkins
We demonstrate principal limitations of standard Time Domain Spectroscopy based on a broadband THz pulse for the
detection and identification of substance using paper napkins as a sample. To avoid these limitations we propose a new
high effective algorithm for this purpose. We demonstrate its applicability in realistic and simulated situation for various
substances under consideration. The interaction of a THz pulse with a disordered layered structure was simulated in
order to show the influence of the disordered layers on the spectral characteristics of the transmitted and reflected
signals. Spectral characteristics of these signals were analyzed in a direct comparison with the spectrum of the incident
pulse as well as by means of Spectral Dynamics Analysis method and integral correlation criteria. The efficiency of the
detection and identification method, based on integral correlation and likeness criteria, is confirmed on the basis of
computer simulation. To demonstrate the possibilities of the integral correlation criteria in real experiment, they were
applied for the identification of explosive HMX in the reflection mode.
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