In this paper we investigate the use of photopolymer material as the sensor medium. This research will focus on the creation of self-written waveguides within the photopolymer and the interaction with the environment. This SWW can be used to measure direction of propagation and angle of incidence upon the polymer material. Under environmental force new SWWs can be measured and recorded within the PVA/AA on a 3D plane. These newly created SWWs, from numerical modelling, can represent the interaction with the surrounding environment. This can be used to measure force and direction of movement.
In this paper we investigate the use of two similar photosensitive dyes that are used in the creation of photosensitive polymers. The specific dyes are what makes the photopolymer material responsive to specific wavelength that the polymer material is exposed to. The subsequent self-written waveguides (SWW) that are created are a product of this interaction between the light beam, photopolymer material and the sensitive dye. We investigate the optical characteristics and light propagation comparisons between the two dyes and the their photosensitive response associated with specific wavelengths.
Holographic gratings that have been created through the exposing of a specific light beam upon a photosensitive polymer material have been known to also produce self-written waveguides (SWW). We will investigate the SWW and its ability to propagate an optical beam along its path. The reproduction of images processed as information within an optical beam and propagated along the SWW will be tested. The image will be analysed for coherence and clarity. The effect of Birefringence upon the information or image and its optical characteristics will be interrogated measured. The probably of information distortion and the presence will be studied and analysed through research, experimentation and numerical modelling.
In this paper we investigate the use of photopolymer material as the sensor medium. This research will focus on the creation of self-written waveguides with the photopolymer and the interaction with the environment. This SWW can be used to measure direction of propagation and angle of incidence upon the polymer material. Under environmental force new SWWs can be measured and recorded within the PVA/AA on a 3D plane. These newly created SWWs, from numerical modelling, can represent the interaction with the surrounding environment. This can be used to measure force and direction of movement.
Holographic gratings that have been created through the exposing of a specific light beam upon a photosensitive polymer material have been known to also produce self-written waveguides (SWW). We will investigate the SWW and its ability to propagate an optical beam along its path. The reproduction of images processed as information within an optical beam and propagated along the SWW will be tested. The image will be analysed for coherence and clarity. The effect of Birefringence upon the information or image and its optical characteristics will be interrogated measured. The probably of information distortion and the presence will be studied and analysed through research, experimentation and numerical modelling.
The creation of self-trapping waveguides within a photopolymer material and the resultant permanent self-written waveguides (SWW) has been investigated for their propagation properties. We look at two light beams as they converge on the photopolymer and interact with the material to produce two separate waveguides fabricated within the material. Here we study these self-written waveguides and investigate their coupling as they propagate within the PVA/AA and combine to form a single SWW within the material. The angle of insertion is interrogated to identify the best angle to produce the SWW coupling effect. The single coupled SWW that is produced, is measured for coherence and attenuation so as to characterize the coupled waveguide.
We explore and discuss the process of PVA/AA fabrication and the doping of the material with a photosensitive dye creating a photosensitive polymer. The dye used is Erythrosine B (EB), which is sensitive to wavelength of λ = 532nm. We expose the photopolymer with the donor wavelength and initiate the self-writing waveguide (SWW) process and polymerization, creating a single homogenous SWW. We investigate the progress of the SWW as it propagates within the photopolymer and map its change in refractive index relative to its surroundings. When the SWW has been completed we then use a multi-mode Y-Coupler to combine two wavelengths λ = 532nm and λ = 625nm. These two light-waves are injected into the SWW via a Y-Coupler test bed. When the combined light-waves beam exits the photo-sensitive polymer it is directed into another MM fiber. Here it is then measured by an optical analyser that investigates the combined optical wavelengths for interference, coherence, wavelength differential group delay (WDRG), non-linear effects and optical loss. We examine the light-waves for modal interference and birefringence and calculate the combined optical power. The optical insertion testing is now revered and a single wavelength is used. The light-wave enters the MM fiber and then the SWW. It then exists and enters the Y-Coupler. Here the wavelength is captured and the coherence testing is undertaken and the optical properties of the wavelength are analysed and a comparison is carried out to investigate the coherence of the light-wave under test.
THz imaging is being increasingly applied to produce images of the interiors of objects and to identify variations. THz detectors are steadily improving, but lag behind visible light systems in terms of their resolution, i.e. due in part to the limited pixel number and the size of the array detector area. Synthetic aperture methods seek to increase the numerical aperture (and so image resolution). For example, the position of the detector is altered, and multiple images are captured in order to obtain the entirety of the image plane information. High precision registration and image fusion algorithms are then required to stitch together the individual images captured. Here, we propose a novel subpixel estimation method for THz imaging, which enables real-time operation with high temporal and spatial resolution. A THz imaging system is implemented using a continuous-wave THz source emitting at 300 GHz and a THz camera with 16×16 pixels. The subpixel estimation method is applied to the resulting THz images. We demonstrate that this method can be used to calculate and calibrate image position in a conventional THz imaging system, with significantly reduced computational expense.
The fabrication of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Acrylamide (PVA/AA) and the addition of a photo-sensitizer have been fully investigated. The creation of self-written waveguides (SWW) has also received much attention and their results have been very promising. In this paper we look at the optical loss across the SWW and also subject the SWW to coherence testing to analyze the wave form and measure any degradation in the optical signal. With the fabrication of the PVA/AA we use a photo-sensitizer or dye which is Erythrosine B (EB), which is sensitive to wavelength of λ = 532nm. We characterize a multi-mode (MM) fiber across various aspects such as attenuation profile and birefringence. We then cut the optical fiber and prepare it for cleaving. The fiber ends are then cleaved and then set into a V-Groove. The fiber ends are 7mm apart and in direct line or optical trajectory. This is then covered with a soluble form of photo-sensitized PVA/AA. When the PVA/AA is cured an optical light source (OLS) is connected to one end of the fiber. This OLS has a broadband light source capability from 400nm to 1700nm. An optical power meter (OPM) is connected to the other end of the fiber, this OLP also has the capability to receive and analyze wavelengths within the spectrum 400nm to 1700nm. The OPM is turned on the wavelength λ = 532nm propagates along the fiber until it enters the PVA/AA. The self-writing process begins and with the change in refractive index and the introduction of polymer chains a SWW is created. The SWW is now situated between the two fiber ends with an length matching the fiber distance of 7mmThe wavelength then enters the open optical fiber and the propagates along the fiber to the OPM. At this stage the analyses of the 532nm wavelength gets underway and the optical fiber link is re-characterized. At this stage a wavelength is characterized and measure against the original attenuation profile (AP) and birefringence measurements. The wavelength is also examined under spectral analyses using a spectrum analyzer and compared to the original wave form to measure interference and coherence. This will allow us to understand the characteristics of a SWW with fibers interconnecting and exposing the wavelength directly to the PVA/AA within its structure. The tests carried out investigate attenuation profile (AP), birefringence, polarization effects and interference. The SWW is characterized so that future use as a directional splitter/coupler created within a SWW can be used effectively within an integrated devise and within communication networks.
Recently the numerical and experimental results of optical self-written waveguides (SWWs) has been demonstrated intensively in the photopolymer media. In order to further understand the mechanism of self-written net-waveguide in photosensitive polymers, light-induced material response is analyzed. Optical netwaveguide trajectories formed using solid bulk of acrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol (AA/PVA) photopolymer material. As part of this work presents a studying of non-linear optics in photopolymer systems to form a net-waveguides. Which deals with the nonlinearity behaviors of transmitted light in photopolymer media, during refractive index changed throughout the optical self-propagating process. The self-interactions of crossing beams inside photopolymer material during SWWs process are studied. It is shown that there is good agreement between the numerical simulation results and experimental observations. These are confirmed the validity of the numerical model that was used to simulate these experiments.
Continuous-wave THz digital holography (DH) is an advanced interference imaging technique, which can be used to reconstruct the amplitude and phase distributions of a sample. In this paper, an in-line holographic system is presented using a 300 GHz source and a highly sensitive broadband CMOS TeraFET (THz Field-Effect Transistor) detector. Numerical reconstruction is achieved using the angular spectrum approach. Experimental results are presented for a sample made of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). The results demonstrate that THz digital holography can be readily applied to perform quantitative metrology and may find many applications in 3D digital imaging and microscopy.
The creation of self-trapping waveguides within a photopolymer material and the resultant permanent self-written waveguides (SWW) has been investigated for their propagation properties. We look at two light beams as they converge on the photopolymer and interact with the material to produce two separate waveguides fabricated within the material. Here we study these self-written waveguides and investigate their coupling as they propagate within the PVA/AA and combine to form a single SWW within the material. The angle of insertion is interrogated to identify the best angle to produce the SWW coupling effect. The single coupled SWW that is produced, is measured for attenuation so as to characterize the coupled waveguide.
Recently, a method for synthesizing a hologram of three dimensional (3D) objects from captured light field array is demonstrated. The 3D objects can be captured under incoherent light illumination using a micro lens array and their orthographic projection view images are generated from the captured elemental images. The synthesized orthographic projection view images are then multiplied by the corresponding phase functions and combined to form a digital hologram. For the first time, we analysis the performance of synthesized hologram under photon counting (low light imaging) conditions. The feasibility of this technique is experimentally verified by recording the orthographic projection images using a micro lens array and the reconstructed photon counted hologram is presented with varying photoncounting measurements.
The propagation of a light beam through a photo-sensitive photopolymer Polyvinyl Alcohol/Acrylamide (PVA/AA), and the creation of self-written waveguides (SWWs), has received much attention. Here we explore the manufacture and characterization of SWWs in PVA/AA for applications at near infrared communication wavelengths 850nm and 1300nm. The SWWs are fabricated using visible light at wavelength 532nm. The insertion and optical loss of the SWWs at different wavelengths will be interrogated. An optical loss and attenuation profile is to be built up for each of the three wavelengths as they propagate down the resulting SWWs.
Optical waveguide trajectories formed in an AA/PVA a photopolymer material photosensitive at 532 nm are examined. The transmission of light by this materials is discussed. The bending and arching of the waveguides which occur are investigated. The prediction of our model are shown to agree with the observed of trajectories. The largest index changes taking place at any time during the exposure, i.e. during SWW formation are found at the positions where the largest light intensity is present. Typically, such as maxima exist close to the input face at the location of the Primary Eye or at the location of the Secondary Eyes deeper with in the material. All photosensitive materials have a maximum saturation value of refractive index change that it is possible to induce, which is also discussed.
The linear canonical transform (LCT) is used in modeling a coherent light-field propagation through first-order optical systems. Recently, a generic optical system, known as the quadratic phase encoding system (QPES), for encrypting a two-dimensional image has been reported. In such systems, two random phase keys and the individual LCT parameters (α,β,γ) serve as secret keys of the cryptosystem. It is important that such encryption systems also satisfy some dynamic security properties. We, therefore, examine such systems using two cryptographic evaluation methods, the avalanche effect and bit independence criterion, which indicate the degree of security of the cryptographic algorithms using QPES. We compared our simulation results with the conventional Fourier and the Fresnel transform-based double random phase encryption (DRPE) systems. The results show that the LCT-based DRPE has an excellent avalanche and bit independence characteristics compared to the conventional Fourier and Fresnel-based encryption systems.
Propagation and diffraction of a light beam through nonlinear materials are effectively compensated by the effect of selftrapping. The laser beam propagating through photo-sensitive polymer PVA/AA can generate a waveguide of higher refractive index in direction of the light propagation. In order to investigate this phenomenon occurring in light-sensitive photopolymer media, the behaviour of a single light beam focused on the front surface of photopolymer bulk is investigated. As part of this work the self-bending of parallel beams separated in spaces during self-writing waveguides are studied. It is shown that there is strong correlation between the intensity of the input beams and their separation distance and the resulting deformation of waveguide trajectory during channels formation. This self-channeling can be modelled numerically using a three-dimension model to describe what takes place inside the volume of a photopolymer media. Corresponding numerical simulations show good agreement with experimental observations, which confirm the validity of the numerical model that was used to simulate these experiments.
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