We propose an optical system of an extremely large telescope for ground-based or planetary use. The system comprises a segmented spherical mirror with a diameter of 100 m and f-number of f / 1. There are three annular zones on the primary mirror, which corresponds to three annular telescopes (ATs) with f-numbers f / 2, f / 3.2, and f / 5.2, all using a concave cardioidal secondary mirror with a maximum diameter of 3.18 m. This two-mirror system satisfies Fermat’s principle and the Abbe’s sine condition. The central zone of the primary mirror with a diameter of 23.8 m is used for the central three-mirror telescope, which is based on an afocal two-mirror system with a convex aspheric secondary mirror with a diameter of 3 m. Four possible configurations are presented for the central telescope, which makes it possible to vary the f-number in a wide range with design examples given for f / 1, f / 4.2, f / 14, and f / 33 systems. The ATs form three coherent images of the same astronomical object, which offers possibilities of simultaneous observations at three different wavelengths or image processing of a combined image with enhanced angular resolution. The main goal of the paper is to investigate the properties of new optical systems for ground-based and space telescopes with a fast spherical primary mirror for which aberration correction is achieved with a minimum number of auxiliary aspheric mirrors near the prime focus.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Spherical lenses, Space telescopes, Optical tracking, Space mirrors, Space observatories, Secondary tip-tilt mirrors, Ray tracing, Reflection
This paper proposes an optical system of the telescope for space research. The system comprises a segmented spherical mirror with a diameter of 10 m and a secondary aspherical mirror. The focal length of the telescope is equal to the radius of a spherical primary mirror. The paraxial focal point of the spherical mirror is aligned with the focal point of the whole system. The closest analog of the proposed optical system is the optical system of the Millimetron space observatory (Spektr-M). The physical aperture ratio of the proposed system is ten times that of the Millimetron telescope with the same overall dimensions. The proposed system rigorously satisfies the Abbe sine condition. The focal length of the system is 7070 mm, and the numerical aperture is 0.7071. The Airy disk diameter of the proposed system is more than ten times smaller than the diffraction circle of the Millimetron telescope. The angular field of the system is determined by the selected image quality criteria and specific wavelength.
Interferometer for figure of large convex hyperboloid mirrors contains concentric meniscus lens and wavefront analyzer for study the wavefront reflected from measured hyperbolic mirror. Concentric lens rotates around the imaginary focus of the tested mirror to measure full surface of the hyperbolic mirror. Main advantage of proposed interferometer is the possibility of figuring the shape of extremely large convex hyperbolic mirrors with a diameter more than 2 meter. In addition, the interferometer may be applied for measure the hyperbolic mirrors with a very large aperture angles in the imaginary geometric focus, for example with the aperture angle of 180° or even more.
An optical system of a Schmidt-type telescope for orbital detection is proposed. The system contains a spherical mirror and correction plate with one aspherical surface and has the following characteristics: field of view (FoV) is 40 deg, entrance pupil diameter is 2.5 m, diameter of spherical mirror is 4 m, and f-number is 0.74. The system with the described parameters has image spot size of 3.2-mm (RMS) diameter for the axial beam and 4 mm (RMS) on the edge of the FoV, which is less than the diagonal of the detectors square pixel of 3×3 mm2.
Many people all over the world suf1er from eyediseases. According to the information of physicians there is I billion of' myopic sick people in the world, 69 million in Russia , 2 million 125 thousand in Moscow. Modern ophthalmology has a large arsenal o means or treating such patients. For using some methods o sight correction it is necessary to know the exact shape o the anterior surface or a cornea ( or the cor— neal topography ). For example, there exist microsurgical ope— rations o keratotomy, contact lens fitting etc. In order to use these methods successfully it is necessary to determine the optical power distribution and the radius o a cornea with the precision o 0.25 dioptre and 0.01 mm respectively. For this purpose at present special devices — kerato— scopes are usually used, for example, Topographical Modeling System (TMS ) [ 3 ] , Photokeratoscope PKS—1 000 [2 1 , Corneascope [4] , K—O1 [1 ] . All these instruments realize so called method of keratometry. The cornea to be examined is illuminated by the light from the mire, which looks like a series of the shining rings. The light is reflected by the cornea and a virtual image of the mire is created. This virtual image is projected by the lens to the image plane where the photo— or TV camera is placed. Usually the telecentric projected system is applied. The recorded image (keratogramm) is then processed by means of special algorithms. In all the above mentioned devices the shining rings must be located at a defined distance from the eye. If the longitudinal or lateral 'lisplacernents or the eye relative to the devioe take place the shape of the mire image at the keratogramrn will be distorted. This distortion leads to the errors oi the measurement results. There±ore, in these kerato— scopes the eye should be boated relative to the apparatus very accurately, with the error less than 0.25 mm. To provide such an aoouraoy o1 looation special arrangements are used, Lor example, a laser system or the eye alignment in Topogra— phical Modeling System,a changeable aperture stop in PKS—i000. An essetial disadvantage limiting the possibilities of the keratosoopes is the dependence of the measured oorneal topo— graphy precision results from the aoouraoy of the eye align— ment. This disadvantage deoreases the possibilities o the keratosoopes. For example, acoording to the results o the experimental research [6], TMS provides the necessary preci— sion for determining the optical power distribution of 0.25 dioptre 70% of the whole corneal area only. That is why the main problem o the keratosoopes optical system design is to eliminate the influence ot the eye align— ment on the measurement precision.
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