Acoustic sensors are being employed on airborne platforms, such as Persistent Threat Detection System (PTDS) and
Persistent Ground Surveillance System (PGSS), for source localization. Under certain atmospheric conditions, airborne
sensors offer a distinct advantage over ground sensors. Among other factors, the performance of airborne sensors is
affected by refraction of sound signals due to vertical gradients in temperature and wind velocity. A comprehensive
experiment in source localization with an aerostat-mounted acoustic system was conducted in summer of 2010 at Yuma
Proving Ground (YPG). Acoustic sources on the ground consisted of one-pound TNT denotations and small arms
firings. The height of the aerostat was approximately 1 km above the ground. In this paper, horizontal, azimuthal, and
elevation errors in source localization and their statistics are studied in detail. Initially, straight-line propagation is
assumed; then refraction corrections are introduced to improve source localization and decrease the errors. The
corrections are based on a recently developed theory [Ostashev, et. al, JASA 2008] which accounts for sound refraction
due to vertical profiles of temperature and wind velocity. During the 2010 YPG field test, the vertical profiles were
measured only up to a height of approximately 100 m. Therefore, the European Center for Medium-range Weather
Forecasts (ECMWF) is used to generate the profiles for July of 2010.
KEYWORDS: Acoustics, Cameras, Video, Global Positioning System, Video surveillance, Imaging systems, Signal to noise ratio, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Sensors, Surveillance
The purpose of the NATO SET-153 field experiment was to provide an opportunity to demonstrate multiple sensor
technologies in an urban environment and determine integration capabilities for future development. The Army Research
Laboratory (ARL) experimental aerostat was used primarily as a persistent over watch capability as a substitute for a
UAV. Continuous video was recorded on the aerostat and segments of video were captured of the scenarios on the
ground that the camera was following manually. Some of the segments showing scenario activities will be presented.
The captured pictures and video frames have telemetry in the headers that provides the UTM time and the Inertial
Navigation System (INS) GPS location and the inertial roll, pitch, and yaw as well as the camera gimbal pan and tilt
angles. The timing is useful to synchronize the images with the scenario events providing activity ground truth. The INS,
GPS, and camera gimbal angle values can be used with the acoustic solution for the location of a sound source to
determine the relative accuracy of the solution if the camera is pointed at the sound source. This method will be
confirmed by the use of a propane cannon whose GPS location is logged. During the field experiment, other interesting
acoustic events such as vehicle convoys, platoon level firefights with vehicles using blanks, and a UAV helicopter were
recorded and will be presented in a quick analysis.
Acoustic sensors are being employed on airborne platforms, such as Persistent Threat Detection System (PTDS)
and Persistent Ground Surveillance System (PGSS), for source localization. Under certain atmospheric conditions,
airborne sensors oer a distinct advantage over ground sensors. The performance of both ground and
airborne sensors is aected by environmental factors, such as atmospheric turbulence and wind and temperature
proles. For airborne sensors, the eects of refraction must be accounted for in order to determine the
source coordinates. Such a method for ground-to-air applications has been developed and is further rened here.
Ideally, knowledge of the exact atmospheric proles will allow for the most accurate mitigation of refractive
eects. However, acoustic sensors deployed in theater are rarely supported by atmospheric sensing systems that
retrieve real-time temperature and wind elds. Atmospheric conditions evolve through seasons, time of day,
and are strongly location dependent. Therefore, the development of an atmospheric proles database based on
a long time series climatological assessment will provide knowledge for use in physics-based bearing estimation
algorithms, where otherwise no correction would have been performed. Long term atmospheric data sets from
weather modeling systems are used for a climatological assessment of the refraction corrections and localization
errors over selected sites.
KEYWORDS: Acoustics, Detection and tracking algorithms, Error analysis, Fourier transforms, Signal to noise ratio, Signal processing, Analytical research, Algorithm development, Chromium, Global Positioning System
Techniques were developed to localize acoustic quasiperiodic signals using microphone arrays located on the ground and
on an aerostat. The direction of arrival (DOA) was computed at each array and then the position of the source was
estimated using algorithms based upon triangulation. Differential time delays between the microphones in a tetrahedral
array were estimated in the frequency domain, and then DOA estimates were calculated using a weighted least squares
approach. The location of the target was calculated by minimizing the weighted squared error of a cost function for
different combinations of DOA estimates.
The algorithms were tested offline using data collected by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory on an aircraft. The
ground-truth position of the target was recorded using a GPS system as it maneuvered and compared to the results
obtained from the localization algorithms. The algorithms performed well when estimating the x and y positions, but
had difficulty obtaining consistently good z positions, or equivalently, height estimates.
KEYWORDS: Acoustics, Cameras, Sensors, Signal detection, Detection and tracking algorithms, MATLAB, Lab on a chip, Meteorology, Artillery, Source localization
The US Army Research Laboratory has conducted experiments using acoustic sensor arrays suspended below tethered
aerostats to detect and localize transient signals from mortars, artillery, and small arms fire. The airborne acoustic sensor
array calculates an azimuth and elevation to the originating transient, and immediately cues a collocated imager to
capture the remaining activity at the site of the acoustic transient. This single array's vector solution defines a groundintersect
region or grid coordinate for threat reporting. Unattended ground sensor (UGS) systems can augment aerostat
arrays by providing additional solution vectors from several ground-based acoustic arrays to perform a 3D triangulation
on a source location. The aerostat array's advantage over ground systems is that it is not as affected by diffraction and
reflection from man-made structures, trees, or terrain, and has direct line-of-sight to most events.
The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has conducted experiments using acoustic sensor arrays
suspended below tethered aerostats to detect and localize transient signals from mortars, artillery, and small
arms fire. The airborne acoustic sensor array calculates an azimuth and elevation to the originating transient,
and immediately cues a collocated imager to capture the remaining activity at the site of the acoustic
transient. This single array's vector solution defines a ground-intersect region or grid coordinate for threat
reporting. Unattended ground sensor (UGS) systems can augment aerostat arrays by providing additional
solution vectors from several ground-based acoustic arrays to perform a 3D triangulation on a source
location. The aerostat array's advantage over ground systems is that it is not as affected by diffraction and
reflection from man-made structures, trees, or terrain, and has direct line-of-sight to most events.
In this paper, we discuss the NATO Task Group 53 (TG-53) acoustic detection of weapon firing field joint experiment at Yuma Proving Ground during 31 October to 4 November 2005. The participating NATO countries include France, the Netherlands, UK and US. The objectives of the joint experiments are: (i) to collect acoustic signatures of direct and indirect firings from weapons such as sniper, mortar, artillery and C4 explosives and (ii) to share signatures among NATO partners from a variety of acoustic sensing platforms on the ground and in the air distributed over a wide area.
Acoustic sensors mounted to a tethered aerostat detect and localize transient signals from mortars, artillery, C-4, propane cannon, and small arms fire. Significant enhancements to soldier lethality and survivability can be gained when using the aerostat array to detect, localize, and cue an aerial imager to a weapon's launch site, or use the aerostat's instantaneous position and orientation to calculate a vector solution to the ground coordinates of the launch site for threat neutralization. The prototype aerostat-mounted array was tested at Yuma Proving Grounds (YPG) as part of the NATO TG-53 signature collection exercise. Acoustic wave form data was collected simultaneously with aerostat and ground-based sensor arrays for comparing wind noise, signal to noise related parameters, and atmospheric effects on propagation to an elevated array. A test description and summary of localization accuracy will be presented for various altitudes, ranges to target, and under differing meteorological conditions.
The threat of chemical and biological weapons is a serious problem and the ability to determine if an incoming artillery round contains high explosives or a chemical/biological agent is valuable information to anyone on the battlefield. Early detection of a chemical or biological agent provides the soldier with more time to respond to the threat. Information about the round type and location can be obtained from acoustic and seismic sensors and fused with information from radars, infrared and video cameras, and meteorological sensors to identify the round type quickly after detonation. This paper will describe the work with ground based acoustic and seismic sensors to discriminate between round types in a program sponsored by the Soldier Biological and Chemical Command.
Improved situational awareness is a primary goal for the Objective Force. Knowing where the enemy is and what are the threats to his troops provides the commander with the information he needs to plan his mission and provide his forces with maximum protection from the variety of threats that are present on the battlefield.
Sensors play an important role in providing critical information to enhance situational awareness. The sensors that are used on the battlefield include, among others, seismic, acoustic, and cameras in different spectral ranges of the electro-magnetic spectrum. These sensors help track enemy movement and serve as part of an intrusion detection system. Characteristically these sensors are relatively cheap and easy to deploy.
Chemical and biological agent detection is currently relegated to sensors that are specifically designed to detect these agents. Many of these sensors are collocated with the troops. By the time alarm is sounded the troops have already been exposed to the agent. In addition, battlefield contaminants frequently interfere with the performance of these sensors and result in false alarms. Since operating in a contaminated environment requires the troops to don protective garments that interfere with their performance we need to reduce false alarms to an absolute minimum.
The Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center (ECBC) is currently conducting a study to examine the possibility of detecting chemical and biological weapons as soon as they are deployed. For that purpose we conducted a field test in which the acoustic, seismic and electro-magnetic signatures of conventional and simulated chemical / biological artillery 155mm artillery shells were recorded by an array of corresponding sensors. Initial examination of the data shows a distinct differences in the signatures of these weapons.
In this paper we will provide detailed description of the test procedures. We will describe the various sensors used and describe the differences in the signatures generated by the conventional and the (simulated) chemical rounds. This paper will be followed by other papers that will provide more details information gained by the various sensors and describe how fusing the data enhance the reliability of the CB detection process.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.