In this paper, we propose an optimized approach to generation algorithm of optical true time delay pool (OTTD-P), by building the forbidden wavelength spacing matrixes (FWSMs), for the centralized control of beamforming (CCBF) system. In this optimized generation algorithm, we simplify the complex processes in the traversal process by FWSMs, so only a simple 0/1 decision is needed in the traversal cycle. And the design of OTTD-P correspondingly changes into a compatibility problem of the wavelength sequence heads. Moreover, a proof-of-concept CCBF system with 8-element phased array antennas is demonstrated to verify the feasibility of the optimized generation algorithm, in which 12 basic beam directions based on a 29.5 GHz millimeter wave signal are formed to provide a 360-degree beam steering. The time complexity of processes in the traversal algorithm is about 7×1023 steps which is a product of 2376 steps in the verification process and 3×1020 steps in the traversal process. But the time complexity is only about 2×1010 steps in the optimized generation algorithm. Finally, based on the optimized generation algorithm, a compression of needed optical wavelengths can be achieved and the rate of compressed-to-uncompressed (CTU) optical wavelengths decreases from 95% to 19% with the increasing beam directions.
Short term traffic flow prediction is of great significance for easing traffic congestion and maximizing road carrying capacity. This paper proposes an effective algorithm for traffic flow prediction. Firstly, the algorithm analyzes the characteristics of daily traffic flow. According to the difference, the daily traffic flows are divided into workday type, and holiday type, and each type of data is integrated to predict the corresponding day type traffic flow. Then based on phase space reconstruction, a chaotic local prediction algorithm is proposed. The algorithm uses Euclidean distance to select phase space reference neighborhood successively, and support vector machine is used to establish the mapping relationship between neighboring points. This algorithm is used to predict the data of an intersection in Guangzhou, and satisfactory prediction accuracy has been achieved.
Microwave photonics (MWP) is an interdisciplinary topic that studies the interaction between microwave and optical signals, for different applications such as photonic microwave waveform, phased-array antennas (PAAs), broadband radio-frequency (RF) channelization, and optical-wireless access networks (OWANs). In this paper, we focus on two aspects: part recent progresses of MWP and its optical wireless system applications in OWANs. Based on the reported works, a brief overview of research progress in MWP is then presented. In addition, the low-loss and wide bandwidth advantages of MWP make it attractive for the transmission and processing of signals, while the development of highcapacity optical wireless access systems has required the use of MWP techniques in optical transmitters and receivers. These have led to the development of the research issues of MWP. Therefore, we summarize and discuss some recent progresses of MWP and its featured applications in OWANs. And an overview about our works on MWP and its applications is also presented. Finally, the trends in technology development and key issues of MWP are indicated.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Optical filters, Single sideband modulation, Electronic filtering, Passive optical networks, Digital signal processing, Digital filtering, Backscatter, Light sources, Signal generators
We propose an efficient carrier-reuse scheme for intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) passive optical networks (PONs) with Rayleigh backscattering (RB) noise circumvention. In our proposed system, the number of light sources is halved since no extra light sources are required for the upstream (US) transmission, and the RB noise is eliminated without using any high cost ultra-narrow filter or coherent detection. The proposed scheme efficiently utilizes orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based carrierless amplitude and phase modulation in the downstream, where signal multiplexing and demultiplexing are performed by digital filtering. Meanwhile, the high spectrum efficiency optical single-side band (SSB) Nyquist pulse-shaped pulse amplitude modulation-4 signal is generated by utilizing dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator in the US. In addition, the effect of phase-to-intensity conversion of the laser phase noise on bidirectional SSB systems over 25-km standard single-mode fiber on bit error rate performance is evaluated. Results successfully verify the feasibility of our proposed efficient carrier-reuse scheme for IM/DD PONs.
We propose an energy-efficient orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based passive optical network (OFDM-PON) using adaptive sleep-mode control and dynamic bandwidth allocation. In this scheme, a bidirectional-centralized algorithm named the receiver and transmitter accurate sleep control and dynamic bandwidth allocation (RTASC-DBA), which has an overall bandwidth scheduling policy, is employed to enhance the energy efficiency of the OFDM-PON. The RTASC-DBA algorithm is used in an optical line terminal (OLT) to control the sleep mode of an optical network unit (ONU) sleep and guarantee the quality of service of different services of the OFDM-PON. The obtained results show that, by using the proposed scheme, the average power consumption of the ONU is reduced by ∼40% when the normalized ONU load is less than 80%, compared with the average power consumption without using the proposed scheme.
We propose a physically enhanced secure scheme for direct detection–orthogonal frequency division multiplexing–passive optical network (DD-OFDM-PON) and long reach coherent detection–orthogonal frequency division multiplexing–passive optical network (LRCO-OFDM-PON), by employing noise-based encryption and channel/phase estimation. The noise data generated by chaos mapping are used to substitute training sequences in preamble to realize channel estimation and frame synchronization, and also to be embedded on variable number of key-selected randomly spaced pilot subcarriers to implement phase estimation. Consequently, the information used for signal recovery is totally hidden as unpredictable noise information in OFDM frames to mask useful information and to prevent illegal users from correctly realizing OFDM demodulation, and thereby enhancing resistance to attackers. The levels of illegal-decryption complexity and implementation complexity are theoretically discussed. Through extensive simulations, the performances of the proposed channel/phase estimation and the security introduced by encrypted pilot carriers have been investigated in both DD-OFDM and LRCO-OFDM systems. In addition, in the proposed secure DD-OFDM/LRCO-OFDM PON models, both legal and illegal receiving scenarios have been considered. These results show that, by utilizing the proposed scheme, the resistance to attackers can be significantly enhanced in DD-OFDM-PON and LRCO-OFDM-PON systems without performance degradations.
KEYWORDS: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Extremely high frequency, Terahertz radiation, Optical networks, Single mode fibers, Modulation, Phase shift keying, Radio over Fiber, Radio optics, Modulators
A hybrid bidirectional orthogonal frequency division multiple access-passive optical network (OFDMA-PON) based on offset quadrate phase shift keying (OQPSK) to support 60- and 120-GHz radio-over-fiber system is proposed. The system can support wired/wireless applications and enable the dynamic bandwidth allocation according to a subscriber’s application. It is successfully achieved by using the millimeter waves (MMWs) generation and the carrier-reuse technique. In the proposed scheme, the MMW bands used for downlink (DL) and uplink transmissions are generated at the optical line terminal by the dual-arm Mach–Zehnder modulators. Both 60- and 120-GHz MMWs are obtained for the transmission of the high bit-rate services in source-free optical network units (ONUs), only using a single 15-GHz sinusoidal wave source. The Rayleigh backscattering effect is considered in the proposed OQPSK-based OFDMA-PON. For DL transmission over a 30-km single-mode fiber, the power penalties are less than 0.8 and 1 dB for the OQPSK-OFDM wired data at 10 Gb/s and the OQPSK-OFDM wireless data at 5 Gb/s, respectively.
A new wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based radio over fiber (RoF) system is proposed for optical virtual private network (OVPN) communication between inter-base stations (inter-BSs) or intra-BSs, using four-wave mixing (FWM) in a semiconductor optical amplifier as well as wavelength reflection of fiber Bragg gratings. By establishing inter-BSs and intra-BSs OVPN link of a 60-GHz WDM-RoF system, the private channels for the communication of end users under different BSs of sub-RoFs can be provided. In our scheme, 58 and 60-GHz millimeter waves are used to carry OVPN data and downstream data, respectively. Furthermore, the scalability of the proposed system is improved by the integration of an RoF system, WDM, and FWM. The simulation results successfully verify the feasibility of our proposed scheme.
A novel realization method of the optical virtual private networks (OVPN) over multiprotocol label switching/optical packet switching (MPLS/OPS) networks is proposed. In this scheme, the introduction of MPLS control plane makes OVPN over OPS networks more reliable and easier; OVPN makes use of the concept of high reconfiguration of light-paths offered by MPLS, to set up secure tunnels of high bandwidth across intelligent OPS networks. Through resource management, the signal mechanism, connection control, and the architecture of the creation and maintenance of OVPN are efficiently realized. We also present an OVPN architecture with two traffic priorities, which is used to analyze the capacity, throughput, delay time of the proposed networks, and the packet loss rate performance of the OVPN over MPLS/OPS networks based on full mesh topology. The results validate the applicability of such reliable connectivity to high quality services in the OVPN over MPLS/OPS networks. Along with the results, the feasibility of the approach as the basis for the next generation networks is demonstrated and discussed.
The introduction of OFDM into PON networks is to leverage the merits of OFDM to provide the flexibility and reduce
the cost. In this paper, we present our latest works on OFDM-PON. Firstly, we propose and demonstrate a novel OFDMPON
upstream transmission architecture with traffic aggregation by orthogonal band multiplexing. The multiplexed 10-
Gb/s OFDM signal is collectively received. We also conduct a proof-of-concept experiment to verify the architecture.
Secondly, we propose and experimentally demonstrate wavelet packet transform based OFDM (WPT-OFDM) using
real-valued transforms, which enables the cost-effective intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD). Unlike
conventional FFT-based OFDM, the need for cyclic prefix is eliminated due to the time-frequency localization properties
of the wavelet.
Multiple optical orthogonal codes sequences (MOOCS)-based optical labels for optical packet switching (MOOCS-OPS) were proposed and studied in our previous works. In order to evaluate the performances of the MOOCS-OPS networks resulting from interference of the MOOCS-based optical labels, we utilize a new study method that applies the independent case of multiple optical orthogonal codes to derive the probability function of the MOOCS-OPS networks for the first time. Additionally, the optical label processing time, the utilization efficiency, and the packet loss rate in the MOOCS-OPS networks are also considered. We discuss the performance and efficiency characteristics with a variety of parameters, and compare some characteristics of the system employed by a single optical orthogonal code or MOOCS-based optical labels. The performances of the system are also calculated, and our results verify that the method and the networks are effective. Moreover, it is found that performances of the MOOCS-OPS networks would, negatively, be worsened, compared with the single optical orthogonal code-based optical label for optical packet switching; however, the MOOCS-OPS networks can greatly enlarge the scalability of the optical packet switching networks.
Conventional single-group optical orthogonal codes (OOC)-based optical code division multiplexing (OCDM) networks have been introduced and analyzed in some literature. To overcome the security restriction of single-group OOC-based OCDM networks, a new method for security improvement of OCDM networks is proposed, theoretically analyzed, and experimentally demonstrated for the first time in this work. A family of multiple-group OOC (MGOOC) is presented, and an example of a changing principle of the MGOOC is then considered in OCDM networks. Optical encoders and decoders for the MGOOC are designed and experimentally demonstrated successfully, and an OOC of the MGOOC is also selected randomly for any single user in this experiment. These results indicate that the new method for MGOOC-based OCDM networks is effective to enhance security performance.
In this paper, we utilize a new study method that is under independent case of multiple optical orthogonal codes to derive
the probability function of MOOCS-OPS networks, discuss the performance characteristics for a variety of parameters,
and compare some characteristics of the system employed by single optical orthogonal code or multiple optical
orthogonal codes sequences-based optical labels. The performance of the system is also calculated, and our results
verify that the method is effective. Additionally it is found that performance of MOOCS-OPS networks would,
negatively, be worsened, compared with single optical orthogonal
code-based optical label for optical packet switching
(SOOC-OPS); however, MOOCS-OPS networks can greatly enlarge the scalability of optical packet switching networks.
We develop a common tunable optical encoder/decoder based on fiber delayers and a logical controller. A new tunable optical encoder/decoder for optical code division multiplexing is designed and analyzed by using a delayer based on photonic crystals (PhCs) and a logical controller. In this scheme, it is found that the optical pulse delay is flexibly controlled by using PhC-based delayers to achieve optical encoding and decoding with a logical controller. The reflection, transmission, time delay characteristic, and optical spectrum of the encoded and decoded pulses are studied by numerical calculation for waves tuned in the PhC band gap. Theoretical analysis and numerical results show that optical pulses are achieved with the proper time delay. The advantages of this scheme are integration, reconfigurability, and easy operation.
A coherent optical en/decoder based on photonic crystal (PhC) for optical code-division-multiple (OCDM)-based optical
label (OCDM-OL) optical packets switching (OPS) networks is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, the optical pulse
phase and time delay can be flexibly controlled by the photonic crystal phase shifter and delayer using the appropriate
design of fabrication. In this design, the combination calculation of the impurity and normal period layers is applied,
according to the PhC transmission matrix theorem. The design and theoretical analysis of the PhC-based optical coherent
en/decoder is mainly focused. In addition, the performances of the PhC-based optical en/decoders are analyzed in detail.
The reflection, the transmission, delay characteristic and the optical spectrum of pulse en/decoded are studied for the
waves tuned in the photonic band-gap by the numerical calculation, taking into account 1-Dimension (1D) PhC.
Theoretical analysis and numerical results show that optical pulse is achieved to properly phase modulation and time
delay by the proposed scheme, optical label based on OCDM is rewrote successfully by new code for OCDM-based OPS
(OCDM-OPS), and an over 8.5 dB ration of auto- and cross-correlation is gained, which demonstrates the applicability of
true pulse phase modulation in a number of applications.
This paper proposes an all-optical label processing scheme using multiple optical orthogonal codes sequences (MOOCS)
for optical packet switching (OPS) (MOOCS-OPS) networks, for the first time to the best of our knowledge. In this
scheme, the multiple optical orthogonal codes (MOOC) from multiple-groups optical orthogonal codes (MGOOC) are
permuted and combined to obtain the MOOCS for the optical labels, which are used to effectively enlarge the capacity of
available optical codes for optical labels. The optical label processing (OLP) schemes are reviewed and analyzed, the
principles of MOOCS-based optical labels for OPS networks are given, and analyzed, then the MOOCS-OPS topology
and the key realization units of the MOOCS-based optical label packets are studied in detail, respectively. The
performances of this novel all-optical label processing technology are analyzed, the corresponding simulation is
performed. These analysis and results show that the proposed scheme can overcome the lack of available optical
orthogonal codes (OOC)-based optical labels due to the limited number of single OOC for optical label with the short
code length, and indicate that the MOOCS-OPS scheme is feasible.
In this paper, a new architecture of the networks based on the proposed optical CDMA based on PON (OCDMA-PON) is presented, the design of the Optical Line Terminator (OLT) and the Optical Network Unit (ONU) for the OCDMA-PON are studied. The performance of networks based on the OCDMA-PON is analyzed in detail. Its bit error rate (BER) performance, networks scalability and transmission performance of such a system are studied under consideration of the multiple user interference (MUI) and the difference noise contributions. As shown in the study, the number of ONU/ONT, the channel link length, the number of available codes and the optical component characteristics deeply impact both the scalability and the transmission performance of such a system. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme is feasible and that the novel design can improve the scalability and transmission performance of the optical access networks.
A new multiple-access technology based on optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) for passive optical networks (PONs) is presented. The design of the optical line terminator and the optical network unit for the OCDMA PON are studied in detail. Its bit-error-rate performance is studied under consideration of multiple-user interference and various noise contributions. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme is feasible and that the novel design can improve the performance of optical access networks.
This paper presents a low-complexity parallel Reed-Solomon (RS) (255,239) decoder architecture using a novel
pipelined variable stages recursive Modified Euclidean (ME) algorithm for optical communication. The pipelined four-parallel
syndrome generator is proposed. The time multiplexing and resource sharing schemes are used in the novel
recursive ME algorithm to reduce the logic gate count. The new key equation solver can be shared by two decoder macro.
A new Chien search cell which doesn't need initialization is proposed in the paper. The proposed decoder can be used
for 2.5Gb/s data rates device. The decoder is implemented in Altera' Stratixll device. The resource utilization is reduced
about 40% comparing to the conventional method.
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