This paper introduces the design of a single photon detector based on the AT89C51 single chip microcontroller for
quantum key distribution at telecommunication wavelengths. An avalanche photodiode (APD) is operated in Geiger mode
and stabilized at temperature of 228K for translating the single photon signals into electrical pulses. The photon induced
avalanche pulses are amplified and converted to digital data. The microcontroller discriminates the data, counting the
number of photons, and then displays the photon number and the detection efficiency on a LCD display. The instrument
can effectively support the study of quantum key distribution.
Basic experiments for quantum information have demonstrated the important role that photons play in future practical
quantum information system. Technical prospects of processing quantum information in quantum computing, quantum
communication and quantum cryptography encourage researchers to develop advanced photonic devices with high
precision. We recognized that the most essential is to develop component parts of every kind that can constitute a
qualified quantum information system. By using these component parts with high precision, it is possible to decrease
errors in a practical quantum information system. The errors come from interaction of quantum information with
environment that appear as decoherence. In terms of the technical terminology, this kind of interaction is appeared in
conventional characterization as loss of the devices that are responsible for the permutation between quantum
information system and environment noise. Therefore we analyze several possible structures of the components and
devices that should be considered in the design of the components and the devices for quantum information usage. The
emitters should generate quantum eigen state that the quantum dot with specified shape is embedded in mode matched
waveguide. The quantum bits should be encoded only by phase modulation without loss. The receiver should also be
sensitive to the quantum state. Every step of the efforts challenges the quantum limitation and the technologies
available.
A new method to detect infrared single photon using avalanche photodiodes is proposed, which combine the
requirements of a single photon detector control circuit and features of the electric pulses generator by transient process
of transmission lines. When the terminated boundary conditions of transmission lines are changed quickly, voltage across
the switch devices will drop suddenly in the electric pulses generator model and at the same time a signal that can reflect
the drive information of the switch device will export from load resistance. So we can replace the switch with avalanche
photodiodes who can act as an excellent optoelectronic switch. Then when faint laser pulses enter the avalanche
photodiode, resistance of the avalanche photodiode will decrease quickly and with that voltage across avalanche
photodiodes will drop simultaneously and a signal that can reflect the single-photon laser pulses will export from the
load resistance. The simulation results are given for the new quenching circuit model of avalanche photodiodes and the
analyses emphasis on the feasibility of the quenching model and the influence of each electrical component on the
performance of the quenching circuit. Finally optimal parameter of the electrical components in the model is
demonstrated.
Photon cannot keep itself unchanged from emission to absorption. The information encoded on the photon is also
changed due to interaction with environment. There has no definitely demonstration that the photon being absorbed is
the original one from ideal light source since the quantum mechanics itself is an indeterminate theory that the physical
measurement is only the probability. We divide the change of the photon state into two parts that one can be
compensated and the other cannot be compensated. A concept of photon reconstruction is introduced to explain every
optical phenomena including Raman scattering, multi-photon absorption, nonlinear phenomena, free electron lasing,
quantum entanglement, high order coherence, ghost imaging and the de-phase which result in error bits or information
loss in the quantum information process. An experimental result is explained to show that the signal photon can modify
the background even the energy of the photon is not enough for absorption in the wide-band gap semiconductor
material. The photon-current-voltage curve and dark-current-voltage curve of an absorption, grating, and multiplication
InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode is analyzed to show that 1550nm input light modified the dark background even the
applied reverse bias voltage is far below the punch-through voltage. This increase of the dark count directly relates to
the input photons at the 1550nm wavelength but is not due to absorption in the absorption layer and insensitive to the
applied voltage.
KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Sensors, Control systems, HVAC controls, Temperature metrology, Semiconductors, Single photon, Amplifiers, Control systems design, Temperature sensors
The low temperature control system of single photon detection device avalanche photodiode (APD) is researched. Avalanche photodiode is used for photon detector with high sensitivity. In order to reduce dark current, its operating environmental temperature needs to be lowered by a semiconductor thermoelectricity cooling apparatus. In accordance with the peculiarity of single photon detection system and the technology of semiconductor thermoelectric Peltier cooling, an APD cooling control system is designed and produced by properly selecting components and using some necessary control circuits. The accuracy and the lowest temperature of this control system can amount to 0.1oC and -50oC, respectively. Above all, the low temperature can be adjusted successively.
Quantum key can be theoretically demonstrated to be secure and now commercially available. The bit rate of the quantum key distribution is much lower than that for "one-time pad" needs. The practical bit limitation of the quantum key distribution system is analyzed to explain necessity for bit amplification. The method of bit amplification is also introduced in this paper.
The GaAlAs/AlAs one-dimensional photonic band gap structure (1D-PBG) was proposed according to the transmission theory. This structure was utilized to tailor the EL spectrum of the commercial GaAlInP red double-heterojunction distributed Bragg reflector LED (DH DBR-LED), whose EL spectrum distributes from 620nm to 670nm (inspired at 120mA). The designed 1D PBG was employed to tailor the spectrum at the area from 620nm to 635nm, 640nm to 655nm, and 660nm to 670nm, left the windows at about 630nm, 640nm, 655nm, and 672nm. This 1D PBG was caped on the DBR-LED surface, and realized by MOCVD method. The EL spectrum of the sample has the illumination peak at 631nm, 640nm, 655nm and 672nm. The result is very consistent with the calculation. The spectrum of the LED was tailored according to the design. The influence of the 1D-PBG to the light emitting angle was studied too.
KEYWORDS: Near field scanning optical microscopy, Indium gallium phosphide, Gallium arsenide, Scanning electron microscopy, Quantum dots, Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, Optical spheres, Semiconductors, Near field optics, Solids
InP self-assembled structure were grown by MOCVD method on GaInP epitaxial layer mismatched to the GaAs substrate and were measured by employing the Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) and SEM. The distribution of self-assembled islands was analyzed from the NSOM images and SEM results based on the scaling theories. It is found the distribution periodicity of the islands along [110] direction is improved and 1μm separation is obtained. The regular distribution was found along [1-10] direction. It shows and the mismatched epitaxial layer could improve the distribution periodicity of the islands along [110] and [1-10] direction. The experiment gives a potential way to realize the ordered two-dimensional distribution of the self-assembled structure. A mode, based on the shear force boundary and QD sphere, was established to explain the difference of our results between the topography and NPC. The size of islands could be evaluated by NSOM if the diameter of the probe has been taken account on.
Linearly polarized photon can be encoded by phase modulation of half wavelets composing the photon to form rotating photon that is circularly polarized clockwise or counterclockwise. Quantum key distribution can be performed by the rotating photons. Theoretical analysis indicates that this new scheme of quantum key distribution system uses less optical components and therefore less insert loses. The rotating photon is insensitive to birefringence. The
experimental procedure is also described.
Only one Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used in the proposed quantum bit distribution system where the two arms composing the Mach-Zehnder interferometer have been used as the transmission line. The loss of the photons due to absorption will decrease and the wavelets composing the photon are expected to transmit longer distance. The optical cable which contains many fiber belts which contain many fibers in parallel that is possible to make a Mach-Zehnder
interferometer with its two arms as long as possible. This transmission system uses only two couplers and physically ensures transmission security.
As one of the most important properties in fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), the reflected spectra of FBG have been attractive research subjects. However, the issue of non-reciprocity of reflected spectra in the grating has not be addressed. We observed the phenomenon of non-reciprocity in uniform FBGs in our experiment and in this paper make a preliminary analysis and calculation of the reflected sprectrum non-reciprocity in a uniform FBG
The nonlinear Schroedinger equation in erbium-doped fiber and the more generalized form of the propagation equation in the erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are obtained which have included the phase shift that the erbium ions induce. An analytical expression is given to the erbium ions induced phase shift and frequency chirp. It was found that the frequency chirp dose not change much with the wavelength except at the neighboring wavelengths (around 1.531 micrometer) where the absorption and the emission cross-sections of the erbium ions reach their maximum, and the frequency chirp has opposite sign on the two sides around 1.531 micrometer.
Gaussian distributed index change, in which its d.c. component keeps constant, is achieved by using the double exposure technique with a uniform phase mask and Gaussian UV laser beam. The reflected spectral sidelobes of the grating can be suppressed to below -30 dB and the related channel bandwidth is as narrow as expected.
As the FTTH (Fiber To The Home) is getting its way into families step by step, the FLAN (Fiber Local Access Network) will become a hot topic in the near future. In FLAN, the wavelength selector is a key component. We need passive, cheaper and easier-operational optical components to build up FLAN. The device based on FBGs could be one of the best choices for wavelength selecting in the FLAN, which is seldom reported before. According to the analysis on the Topology of FLAN, (STAR+BUS) will be a better structure. Here an experimental scheme for FLAN with passive FBGs, Circulators and Couplers is proposed.
Color indirect effects (CIE) means the physiological and psychological effects of color resulting from color vision. In this paper, we study CIE from the viewpoints of the integrated western and Chinese traditional medicine and the time quantum theory established by C. Y. Liu et al., respectively, and then put forward the color-automatic-nervous-subsystem model that could color excites parasympathetic subsystem and hot color excites sympathetic subsystem. Our theory is in agreement with modern color vision theory, and moreover, it leads to the resolution of the conflict between the color code theory and the time code theory oncolor vision. For the latitude phenomena on athlete stars number and the average lifespan, we also discuss the possibility of UV vision. The applications of our theory lead to our succeeding in explaining a number of physiological and psychological effects of color, in explaining the effects of age on color vision, and in explaining the Chinese chromophototherapy. We also discuss its application to neuroimmunology. This research provides the foundation of the clinical applications of chromophototherapy.
The readout process of magneto-optic disk is analyzed to develop a statistic method of measuring the parameters of micron-sized laser beam and geometric parameters of recorded information. Real-time, fast, and high accuracy measurement can be achieved with the method.
Soliton switching based on spatial solution emission requires the cladding material has high enough nonlinear change of the index. We describe the design of a waveguide that has nonlinearity enhancement at the boundary due to deep level states excitation. The example material is the AlxGa1-xAs. This material has El2 related deep level states which become deeper as the AlAs mole fraction increases so that we can suitably choose the bandgap, and therefore the deep levels to match the working wavelength. The distribution of the guided mode field is also modified by the design of the waveguide geometry to facilitate an inner built electric field which is responsible for the nonlinearity enhancement.
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