A modified low-cost unimorph deformable mirror (DM) driven only by positive voltages for atmospheric turbulence compensation is presented. The 214 patterned inner actuators generate convex deformations for aberration correction, while one outer ring actuator generates an overall concave bias. To evaluate the aberration correction capability of the proposed DM, the iterative reconstruction of Zernike aberrations and correction were performed in an adaptive optics test system. The experimental results indicate that the fabricated DM has an excellent aberration correction capability, particularly matching the first 20 term Zernike aberrations with the normalized residual root-mean-square (RMS) error <5%. Furthermore, the random atmospheric turbulence aberrations were simulated based on Karhunen–Loève coefficients and reconstructed using the fabricated DM. The simulative and experimental results show that the atmospheric turbulence aberrations can be steadily compensated with λ/40 (λ=2.2 μm) RMS residual error, indicating the prospect for atmospheric applications.
Once a laser beam suffers from wavefront aberrations, the intensity of the focal spot degrades and the shape of
the focus spot distorts. The same problem also exists in femtosecond laser fabrication system. The aberrations in the
femtosecond laser fabrication system contain two main components: system aberrations and aberrations from the
refractive index mismatch problem. Recently, adaptive optics (AO) has been used for laser beam aberrations correction
to improve the light beam quality. In this paper, we introduce an adaptive optics system with double drive modes
unimorph deformable mirror (DM) into the femtosecond laser fabrication system. In the experiments, the hill-climbing
algorithm based on Zernike modes is used to control the DM to correct the aberrations in the close-loop manner. After
correction for system aberrations and the refractive index mismatch aberrations, the shape and maximum intensity of the
focal laser spot is much improved.
Unimorph deformable mirrors are attractive in adaptive optics system due to their advantages of simplicity, compact, low cost and large stroke. In this paper, a double drive modes unimorph deformable mirror is presented, which comprises a 200 μm thick PZT layer and a 400 μm thick silicon layer. This deformable has 214 inner actuators in the 50-mm active aperture, which are for the aberration correction and a outer ring actuator for generating an overall defocus bias. An analytical model based on the theory of plates and shells is built to predict the behavior of the deformable mirror. The stroke of the deformable mirror is tested in the experiments. In order to test the performance for aberration correction, the deformable mirror is used to correct the aberration from its imperfect initial mirror surface in the close-loop manner. The root-mean-square value of the mirror surface after the close-loop correction for ten iterations is about λ/40, which indicates this deformable mirror has a good aberration correction performance. This DM has the potential to be used for astronomical adaptive optics.
Unimorph deformable mirrors are attractive in adaptive optics system due to their advantages of simplicity, compact, low
cost and large stroke. In this paper, a double drive modes unimorph deformable mirror is discussed, which comprises a
100 μm thick PZT layer and a 200 μm thick silicon layer. This deformable mirror (DM) can achieve two different
directions deformation of concave and convex driven by only positive voltage. The dual direction maximum defocus
deformations are -14.3 μm and 14.9 μm. The close-loop performance of this DM is also tested in an experimental
adaptive optics system based on Hartman-Shack wavefront sensor. In experiments, the DM is controlled by the steepest
descent algorithm (SD) to corrected the aberrations in a close-loop manner. The ability of this DM of correction for the
system aberration and reconstruction for the low order Zernike mode aberration is tested. The root mean square (rms)
value of the system aberration after close-loop correction is about 28 nm. The reconstruction results for most low order
Zernike mode aberrations have a relative error less than 10%.
This paper presents a low-cost silicon unimorph deformable mirror (DM) that will be used for astronomical adaptive optics. The device has a simple construction consisting of a 400-μm-thick silicon wafer and a 200-μm-thick lead zirconate titanate film, with 214 actuators and 50-mm active aperture. The actuator displacement of the fabricated device is about 1 μm at 50 V. And the resonance frequency is 550 Hz. The simulation and experimental generation of Zernike mode shapes indicate that the fabricated DM has an excellent correction performance for both low order and high order aberrations.
To solve the local optimum problem, a modified hill-climbing algorithm based on Zernike modes is presented for wavefront sensorless adaptive optics. This algorithm adopts the Zernike mode coefficients, instead of the actuators’ voltages in a traditional hill-climbing algorithm, as the adjustable variables to optimize the object function. First, the principle of the algorithm is described. Then the efficiency of the modified and traditional hill-climbing algorithms are analyzed numerically and experimentally using a He-Ne laser beam shaping system with a 37-element unimorph deformable mirror. The results of both simulations and experiments demonstrate that the modified hill-climbing algorithm can eliminate the local optimum problem with a fast speed of about 100 iterations.
The adaptive optics system (AO) without a wavefront sensor produces an alternative tool to correct the aberrations where the wavefront distortions are hard to be measured directly. This kind of adaptive optics system optimizes an evaluation parameter directly relevant to the wavefront quality to achieve the wavefront correction, and the optimization algorithms determines the efficiency of wavefront sensor-less AO system. In this paper, several frequently-used algorithms covering hill climbing algorithm, genetic algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm and two hybrid algorithms, known as hybrid genetic-hill climbing algorithm and hybrid simulated annealing-hill climbing algorithm (SAHC), have been investigated to improve the correction efficiency. The correction speeds and correction effects of the five kinds of algorithms have been compared in simulations and experiments for an adaptive optics system with 19-elements unimorph deformable mirror. The results show that hill climbing algorithm has the fastest correction speed, but suffered from the local optimum problem. The other four kinds of algorithms can get good correction results and have similar correction effects. Considering the correction effect and correction speed comprehensively, SAHC is the most efficient optimization algorithm in the five kinds of optimization algorithms.
Unimorph DMs are attractive for laser beam shaping due to their advantages of simplicity, compact, low cost and large
stroke. This paper reports a novel unimorph deformable mirror used for laser beam shaping. The developed DM consists of
both an inner actuator array and an outer ring actuator. The inner actuator array is used for aberration correction, while the
outer ring actuator is used to generate an overall defocus bias. A laser beam shaping experimental setup with a He-Ne laser
was constructed. The correction capability of the DM is demonstrated by simulation and experiment.
A low-cost silicon unimorph deformable mirror (DM) with 214 actuators is presented. The finite element simulation
indicates that the designed DM has an excellent correction performance for both low order and high order aberrations. The
experimental actuator deflection is about 2μm at 100V. This DM has the potential to be used for astronomical adaptive
optics.
KEYWORDS: Digital filtering, Filtering (signal processing), Electronic filtering, Target detection, Detection and tracking algorithms, Signal attenuation, Signal detection, Sensor networks, Signal processing, Seismic sensors
This paper describes an approach which can reduce envelope delay effectively to improve traditional filter. In some
applications, traditional filter is applied to get the envelope of signal, but there is long envelope delay using traditional
filter which is not suitable for real time systems, such as ground moving target detection in wireless sensor network. This
paper presents a weighted filter approach to reduce envelope delay.
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