Geometrical vector flux ~ J, is a well stablished technique in nonimaging optics. The main properties of the vector ~ J, by one side is that the field lines and flux tubes of ~ J provides the geometry for ideal concentrators and, to other, the components of ~ J at any point P are proportional to the irradiance at that point. The latest one means that, at any point P, the Jz component is proportional to the irradiance incident at P upon the XY plane. Lorentz geometry was applied to nonimaging optics by M.Gutierrez et al.5 were they showed that using Lorentz technique it is possible to obtain the field lines and flux tubes of ~ J. In this paper we shown that it is also possible to obtain the modulus of ~ J and then the irradiance pattern produced by Lambertian sources using Lorentz geometry formalism.
The postulation of Flowline design method, in the frame of nonimaging optics, was a fundamental step in the development of Field Theory of Geometrical Optics. During lasts years there have been new advances in the application of Field Theory elements to Flowline analysis, vector potential, interface factors, contour integrals. In this paper we starts a new natural step in the development of Flowline theory, we study Hamiltonian formulation of Flowline, as a first step for Wigner formalism analysis. We study two different perspectives in our approach to the problem, first the classical ray optics approach and second a new approach from Radiative force point of view. Radiative force approach seems to be more advantageous than ray optics, but further studies will be needed to confirm that hypothesis.
The flowline optical design method, based on the definition of the geometrical flux vector J, is one of the techniques to nonimaging optics design. The main property of flowline method is, its ability to estimate how radiant energy is transferred by the optical systems using the concepts of vector field theory, like field line, flux tube, vector potential overcoming traditional raytrace methods. In this paper we postulate the existence of virtual sources which can help us in the computation of J vector produced by reflective and refractive optical systems. This new computation method provides a new optical design method based on flowline.
Conventional energy sources are polluting and limited, and so it is essential to use sources that are less aggressive with the environment. This premise is being transversely implemented in the field of lighting but in response to varied and sometimes contradictory interests. The development of lighting devices based on solar radiation, or daylighting, is an indispensable objective, as is the use of artificial lighting sources that respect the environment. We present the main aspects of important technologies studied for the different fields of lighting, such as optical systems, design techniques, and lighting elements—light guides and those encompassed within nonimaging optics, as well as their implementation and application in various areas such as office lighting, libraries, and museums. We show that an efficient energy strategy in the design of a lighting system not only saves energy and is economic but also produces beneficial and important effects in other nonmaterial aspects of human life, such as well-being, productivity, and heritage conservation.
The electric lighting is responsible for 15% of the electricity consumption, the efficiency in this sector has a good progress in recent years, it can still improve more. Conventional energy sources are polluting and limited, so it is essential to use less aggressive energies with the environment. In lighting, this premise is being implemented in a cross-cutting manner, but in response to varied and sometimes contradictory interests. The development of lighting devices based on solar radiation is an inalienable objective, as is the use of artificial lighting sources that are clean with the environment. To achieve these two objectives, it is essential to know and study the design techniques of non-image optics. In the present work we present new systems design techniques and lighting elements: ray tracing optimization technique, light vector field technique. As well as its implementation and application in various areas of lighting: lighting in office buildings, libraries museums. We show that renewable energy strategy in the field of lighting not only produce energy save, also produce good effects in other aspects of human life like well-being, productivity and heritage conservation.
Nonimaging optics is focused on the study of techniques to design optical systems for the purpose of energy transfer instead of image forming. The flowline optical design method, based on the definition of the geometrical flux vector J, is one of these techniques. The main advantage of flowline method is its capability to visualize and estimate how radiant energy is transferred by the optical systems using the concepts of vector field theory, like field line or flux tube, which overcomes traditional raytrace methods. The main objective this paper is to extend the flowline method to analyze and design real 3D concentration and illumination systems by the development of new simulation techniques. In this paper we will analyzed real 3D refractive and reflective systems using flowline vector potential method. A new constant term of Optical Path Length has been introduced, similar and comparable to the gauge invariant, which produces a correction to enable the agreement between raytrace and flowline based computations. Finally an introduction to Flowline computations for non-Lambertian sources has been carry out. This new optical simulation methodology provides traditional raytrace results, like irradiance maps, but opens new perspectives to obtaining higher precision, lower computation time.
Nonimaging optics is based on the thermodynamic understanding of optical design. Using Stokes' law one can find the energy throughput represented by the flow line is also the line integral of its vector potential. A detailed examination reveals that nonimaging optics is closely related with equal vector potential lines. We explore the possibility to further extend this into a more fundamental understanding of what nonimaging optical design represents.
Evolutionary optimization algorithms have been recently introduced as nonimaging optics design techniques. Unlike optimization of imaging systems, non sequential ray tracing simulations and complex non centred systems design must be considered, adding complexity to the problem. The Merit Function (MF) is a key element in the automatic optimization algorithm, nevertheless the selection of each objective's weight, {wi}, inside merit function needs a previous trial and error process for each optimization. The problem then is to determine appropriate weights value for each objective. In this paper we propose a new Dynamic Merit Function, DMF, with variable weight factors {wi(n)}. The proposed algorithm, automatically adapts weight factors, during the evolution of the optimization process. This dynamic merit function avoids the previous trial and error procedure selecting the right merit function and provides better results than conventional merit functions (CMF). Also we analyse the Multistart optimization algorithm applied in the flowline nonimaging design technique.
Nonimaging optics is focused on the study of techniques to design concentrators or illuminators systems. The flowline optical design method, based on the definition of the geometrical flux vector J, is one of these techniques. The main property of flowline method is, its ability to estimate how radiant energy is transferred by the optical systems using the concepts of vector field theory, like field line or flux tube, overcoming traditional raytrace methods. This method has been developed only at an academic level, where characteristic optical parameters are ideal and the studied geometries are simple. The main objective of the present paper is the extension of the flowline method to the analysis and design of real 3D concentration and illumination systems by means of simulation. Using the concept of vector potential we can generalize flowline computations to real 3D systems. This new computation methodology provides, traditional simulations results like irradiance maps with higher precision and lower computation time, and new information as vector field maps produced by the system.
Use of new of light sources based on LED technology should allow the develop of systems that combine conservation and exhibition requirements and allow to make these art goods available to the next generations according to sustainability principles. The goal of this work is to develop light systems and sources with an optimized spectral distribution for each specific point of the art piece. This optimization process implies to maximize the color fidelity reproduction and the same time to minimize the photochemical damage. Perceived color under these sources will be similar (metameric) to technical requirements given by the restoration team uncharged of the conservation and exhibition of the goods of art. Depending of the fragility of the exposed art objects (i.e. spectral responsivity of the material) the irradiance must be kept under a critical level. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a mathematical model that simulates with enough accuracy both the visual effect of the illumination and the photochemical impact of the radiation. Spectral reflectance of a reference painting The mathematical model is based on a merit function that optimized the individual intensity of the LED-light sources taking into account the damage function of the material and color space coordinates. Moreover the algorithm used weights for damage and color fidelity in order to adapt the model to a specific museal application. In this work we show a sample of this technology applied to a picture of Sorolla (1863-1923) an important Spanish painter title “woman walking at the beach”.
Nonimaging optics is focused on the study of methods to design concentrators or illuminators systems. It can be included in the area of photometry and radiometry and it is governed by the laws of geometrical optics. The field vector method, which starts with the definition of the irradiance vector E, is one of the techniques used in nonimaging optics. Called “Geometrical flux vector” it has provide ideal designs. The main property of this model is, its ability to estimate how radiant energy is transferred by the optical system, from the concepts of field line, flux tube and pseudopotential surface, overcoming traditional raytrace methods. Nevertheless this model has been developed only at an academic level, where characteristic optical parameters are ideal not real and the studied geometries are simple. The main objective of the present paper is the application of the vector field method to the analysis and design of real concentration and illumination systems. We propose the development of a calculation tool for optical simulations by vector field, using algorithms based on Fermat`s principle, as an alternative to traditional tools for optical simulations by raytrace, based on reflection and refraction law. This new tool provides, first, traditional simulations results: efficiency, illuminance/irradiance calculations, angular distribution of light- with lower computation time, photometrical information needs about a few tens of field lines, in comparison with million rays needed nowadays. On the other hand the tool will provides new information as vector field maps produced by the system, composed by field lines and quasipotential surfaces. We show our first results with the vector field simulation tool.
The photometry and radiometry measurement is a well-developed field. The necessity of measuring optical systems performance involves the use of several techniques like Gonio-photometry. The Gonio photometers are a precise measurement tool that is used in the lighting area like office, luminaire head car lighting, concentrator /collimator measurement and all the designed and fabricated optical systems that works with light. There is one disadvantage in this kind of measurements that obtain the intensity polar curves and the total flux of the optical system. In the industry, there are good Gonio photometers that are precise and reliable but they are very expensive and the measurement time is long. In industry the cost can be of minor importance but measuring time that is around 30 minutes is of major importance due to trained staff cost. We have designed a system to measure photometry in real time; it consists in a curved screen to get a huge measurement angle and a CCD. The system to be measured projects light onto the screen and the CCD records a video of the screen obtaining an image of the projected profile. A complex calibration permits to trace screen data (x,y,z) to intensity polar curve (I,αγ). This intensity is obtained in candels (cd) with an image + processing time below one second.
In this contribution the line flow method is applied to an optimized secondary optics in a photovoltaic concentration system where the primary optics is already defined and characterized. This method is a particular application of photic field theory. This method uses the parameterization of a given primary optics, including actual tolerances of the manufacturing process. The design of the secondary optics is constrained by the selection of primary optics and maximizes the concentration at a previously specified collection area. The geometry of the secondary element is calculated by using a virtual source, which sends light in a first concentration step. This allows us to calculate the line flow for this specific case. This concept allows designing more compact and efficient secondary optics of photovoltaic systems.
Automatic optimization algorithms have been recently introduced as nonimaging optics design techniques. Unlike optimization of imaging systems, nonsequential ray tracing simulations and complex noncentered systems design must be considered, adding complexity to the problem. The merit function is a key element in the automatic optimization algorithm; nevertheless, the selection of each objective’s weight, {wi}, inside the merit function needs a prior trial and error process for each optimization. The problem then is to determine appropriate weights’ values for each objective. We propose a new dynamic merit function with variable weight factors {wi(n)}. The proposed algorithm automatically adapts weight factors during the evolution of the optimization process. This dynamic merit function avoids the previous trial and error procedure by selecting the right merit function and provides better results than conventional merit functions.
There are many master pieces of the cultural heritage which can´t be correctly contemplated if daylight is not part of the
exhibition environment, since they were made with the sun light as essential element of them. The Pórtico de la Gloria
and the Cloister and paintings of Santa María de El Paular monastery are ones of these cases. The Pórtico de la Gloria
(Gate of the Glory) is probably the most relevant masterpiece of the Santiago de Compostela cathedral. It is located at
the narthex of the west gate. It is a masterwork of Romanesque sculpture built between 1168 and 1188 by Master Mateo.
During the XVIII century a new Baroque façade was placed in front of it replacing the middle ages wall. Daylight
entering through the windows of the facade makes possible to see the art work but the sun can generate serious problems
since it heats the stone and evaporates the humidity. Thermal imagers have been used to test the thermal performance of
the antireflection treatment located in the windows in the actual temperature of the stone sculptures. The cloister of the
monastery of Santa María de El Paular, housed until the confiscation of 1835 a collection of 54 paintings of Vincente
Carducho called Carthusian series. When in 2006 the restoration of the 52 still preserved paintings was completed, began
a refurbishment of the cloister to return the paintings to their original place. We conducted a study of the incidence of the
Sun in the cloister and how to avoid direct sunlight on Carducho's paintings.
One of the key challenges in the teaching of Optics is that students need to know not only the math of the optical design, but also, and more important, to grasp and understand the optics in a three-dimensional space. Having a clear image of the problem to solve is the first step in order to begin to solve that problem. Therefore to achieve that the students not only must know the equation of refraction law but they have also to understand how the main parameters of this law are interacting among them. This should be a major goal in the teaching course. Optical graphic methods are a valuable tool in this way since they have the advantage of visual information and the accuracy of a computer calculation.
KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Light sources and illumination, Sensors, Light emitting diodes, LED lighting, Prototyping, Cultural heritage, Signal attenuation, Reflection, Waveguides
Recent advances in LED technology have relegated the use of optical fibre for general lighting, but there are
several applications where it can be used as scanners lighting systems, daylight, cultural heritage lighting,
sensors, explosion risky spaces, etc. Nowadays the use of high intensity LED to inject light in optical fibre
increases the possibility of conjugate fibre + LED for lighting applications. New optical fibres of plastic
materials, high core diameter up to 12.6 mm transmit light with little attenuation in the visible spectrum but there
is no an efficient and controlled way to extract the light during the fibre path. Side extracting fibres extracts all
the light on 2π angle so is not well suited for controlled lighting. In this paper we present an extraction system for
mono-filament optical fibre which provides efficient and controlled light distribution. These lighting parameters
can be controlled with an algorithm that set the position, depth and shape of the optical extraction system. The extraction system works by total internal reflection in the core of the fibre with high efficiency and low cost. A 10 m length prototype is made with 45° sectional cuts in the fibre core as extraction system. The system is tested with a 1W white LED illuminator in one side.
Field method, also called geometrical vector flux field method, is a well established technique to design concentrators
and in general nonimaging optical systems. The method is based on building reflective concentrators with the geometry
of field lines, these concentrators do not disturb the flux field and become ideal. In this paper we study the properties of
surfaces orthogonal to the field vector J. For rotational symmetric systems J is orthogonal to its curl, then exist a family
of surfaces orthogonal to the lines of J, surfaces of constant pseudopotential. From the definition of J, pseudopotential
surfaces can be interpreted as surfaces of maximum flux density and can play an important role in the design of
nonimaging systems. We study refractive concentrators with the geometry of pseudopotential surfaces. Dielectric
material modifies the field lines and then the geometry of the system, including compactness and reflective parts, it also
introduce total internal reflection which must be considered in the design. We apply this concept to study hyperbolic
concentrator modified with pseudopotential refractive optics and we shown that it achieves the theoretical limit of concentration.
Throughout present study will be discusses the influence of the manufacturing margins, adjustment precision and ray model accuracy of a collimating LED unit in the overall system performance. It will be also analyzed the angular performance and the collimated in relation to the relative position of the LED and the collimator's dimensions. Finally the results will be compared with existing publications in this field.
KEYWORDS: Light sources and illumination, Lamps, Black bodies, Light, Color vision, Reflectivity, Colorimetry, CIE 1931 color space, Color reproduction, Absorption
This work is intended to deal with the problems which arise when illuminanting Paleolithic cave paintings. We have
carried out the spectral and colorimetric characterization of some paintings located in the Murcielagos (bats) cave
(Zuheros, Córdoba, Spain). From this characterization, the chromatic changes produced under different lighting
conditions are analysed. The damage function is also computed for the different illuminants used. From the results
obtained, it is proposed an illuminant whose spectral distribution diminishes the damage by minimizing the absorption of
radiation and optimises the color perception of the paintings in this cave. The procedure followed in this study can be
applied to optimise the lighting systems used when illuminating any other art work
KEYWORDS: Compound parabolic concentrators, Solar energy, Light sources and illumination, Systems modeling, Prototyping, Sun, System integration, Data modeling, Diffusers, Solar energy systems
The main objective of ADASY (Active Daylighting System) work is to design a façade static daylighting system
oriented to office applications, mainly. The goal of the project is to save energy by guiding daylight into a building for
lighting purpose. With this approach we can reduce the electrical load for artificial lighting, completing it with
sustainable energy.
The collector of the system is integrated on a vertical façade and its distribution guide is always horizontal inside of the
false ceiling. ADASY is designed with a specific patent pending caption system, a modular light-guide and light
extractor luminaire system. Special care has been put on the final cost of the system and its building integration purpose.
The current ADASY configuration is able to illuminate 40 m2 area with a 300lx-400lx level in the mid time work
hours; furthermore it has a good enough spatial uniformity distribution and a controlled glare. The data presented in this
study are the result of simulation models and have been confirmed by a physical scaled prototype.
ADASY's main advantages over regular illumination systems are:
-Low maintenance; it has not mobile pieces and therefore it lasts for a long time and require little attention once installed.
- No energy consumption; solar light continue working even if there has been a power outage.
- High quality of light: the colour rendering of light is very high
- Psychological benefits: People working with daylight get less stress and more comfort, increasing productivity.
- Health benefits
KEYWORDS: Solar concentrators, Thermodynamics, Compound parabolic concentrators, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Light, Ray tracing, Spherical lenses, Photometry, Chemical elements
We study the analogy between the geometrical vector flux, the light vector introduced by A. Gershun and Pharosage
vector introduced by P. Moon. From this analogy we present a treatment of the design of concentrators in terms of field
theory. We study first the symmetry of concentrators in different coordinate systems. In particular, we study
concentrators in elliptical cylindrical coordinates as asymmetric concentrators linking rotational and translational
concentrators. Following that symmetry we study the light field produced by an elliptical disk, and we show that onesheet
hyperboloids behave as ideal 3D asymmetric concentrators. This result can be generalized to orthogonal surfaces
by using field theory. Finally, we find higher order field lines by the study of the light field produced by a 2-D truncated
wedge, which can be used to define a new higher order concentrator, the Hyperparabolic Concentrator (HPC). This
concentrator has the profile of a hyperbola continuously joined with a tilted parabola. In the limit of infinite focal length
of the hyperbola, the 3D HPC reaches the thermodynamic limit of concentration.
KEYWORDS: Solar energy, Prisms, Fresnel lenses, Solar cells, Lens design, Solar concentrators, Nonimaging optics, Colorimetry, Prototyping, Energy efficiency
The emergence of high efficiency photovoltaic cells is leading the industry into using solar concentrators in order to
reduce costs by decreasing the number of cells used. In this paper Optics department of Universidad Complutense de
Madrid has designed a multifocal Fresnel lens of PMMA and has studied the main parameters that have influence on its
final function. This has been done by taking into account its manufacturing tolerances.
The lens is square shaped with sides measuring 270 mm and it is composed of three different zones based on three
different criteria: The central zone has been designed by using paraxial formulation, the intermediate one has been
designed based on Fresnel classical formula while the marginal zone's purpose is to deflect the light by total internal
reflection on prism faces. All three zones have different focal areas and different optical axis so the energy distribution
will be more uniform whilst avoiding cell damage caused by hot spots. The design stage is feedback through simulations
using a ray tracer software.
In order to characterize the lens operation a measure of optical concentration was first taken on different lens areas using
an integrating sphere. Finally, the lens performance in terms of concentration and in terms of uniformity at the focal spot
was studied by processing the images taken with a CCD camera on a screen placed at the focal plane of the lens.
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