Dr. Alfred Garrett Profile

Dr. Alfred Garrett

Consulting Scientist

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (21)

Proceedings Article | 1 August 2021 Presentation + Paper

Utilizing Mask R-CNN for automated segmentation of condensed water vapor plumes from multi-view imagery

Ryan Connal, Wade Pines, Meg Borek, Timothy Bauch, Nina Raqueno, Brian d'Entremont, Alfred Garrett, Carl Salvaggio

Proceedings Volume 11843, 1184309 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2594586

KEYWORDS: RGB color model, Data modeling, Image segmentation, Cameras, Statistical modeling, Image processing, 3D modeling, Sensors, Atmospheric modeling, Clouds

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The process of automatically masking objects from complex backgrounds is extremely beneficial when trying to utilize those objects for computer vision research, such as object detection, autonomous driving, pedestrian tracking, etc. Therefore, a robust method of segmentation is imperative towards ongoing research between the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory at the Rochester Institute of Technology and the Savannah River National Laboratory directed at the volume estimation of condense water vapor plumes emanating from mechanical draft cooling towers. Instance segmentation was performed on a custom data set consisting of RGB imagery with the Matterport Mask R-CNN implementation,1 where condensed water vapor plumes were masked out from mixed backgrounds for the purpose of 3D reconstruction and volume estimation. This multi-class Mask R-CNN was trained to detect cooling tower structure and plumes with and without data augmentation to study the effects on a preliminary data set, in addition to a model trained with a single plume class. The average precision and intersection over union metrics across all models were shown to not be statistically different. While each model is capable of detecting and segmenting plumes in the preliminary data set, all models essentially perform the task with the same efficacy. This indicates some level of bias in the preliminary data set, demonstrating the need for more variance in the form of additional annotated imagery. The single plume class model tested within 7% for mAP, AP, and IoU when compared to the other two models, demonstrating the ability of Mask R-CNN to detect and segment these dynamically-changing plumes without any spatial dependence on the stationary cooling tower structure. This ongoing research includes a long-term data collection campaign where imagery of condensed water vapor plumes will be continuously gathered over an 18-month period so as to include imagery examples under many different meteorological and environmental conditions, seasonal variations, and illumination changes that will occur over an annual cycle. Including this data in future training of the Mask R-CNN implementation is expected to reduce any bias that may exist in the current data set.

Proceedings Article | 15 February 2012 Paper

Passive detection of vehicle loading

Troy McKay, Carl Salvaggio, Jason Faulring, Philip Salvaggio, Donald McKeown, Alfred Garrett, David Coleman, Larry Koffman

Proceedings Volume 8305, 830511 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.912100

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Video, Thermography, Sensors, Temperature metrology, Infrared cameras, Acoustics, Sensing systems, Image processing, Infrared sensors

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Proceedings Article | 4 May 2010 Paper

Thermodynamics of partially frozen cooling lakes

Alfred Garrett, May Casterline, Carl Salvaggio

Proceedings Volume 7661, 766105 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.849349

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Clouds, Thermal modeling, Thermodynamics, Solar radiation models, Snow cover, Temperature metrology, Negative feedback, Atmospheric modeling, Solar radiation

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Proceedings Article | 4 May 2010 Paper

Improved temperature retrieval methods for the validation of a hydrodynamic simulation of a partially frozen power plant cooling lake

May Casterline, Carl Salvaggio, Alfred Garrett, Brent Bartlett, Jason Faulring, Philip Salvaggio

Proceedings Volume 7661, 766106 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.850280

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Temperature metrology, Sensors, Black bodies, Data modeling, Cameras, Imaging systems, Infrared imaging, Radiometry, Airborne remote sensing

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2009 Paper

Measurement of wind speed from cooling lake thermal imagery

Alfred Garrett, R. Cary Tuckfield, Eliel Villa-Aleman, Robert Kurzeja, Malcolm Pendergast

Proceedings Volume 7299, 72990A (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.817755

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Wind measurement, Temperature metrology, Thermography, Heat flux, Data modeling, Statistical analysis, Convection, Statistical modeling, Thermal modeling

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2009 Paper

Use of remote sensing data to enhance the performance of a hydrodynamic simulation of a partially frozen power plant cooling lake

May Arsenovic, Carl Salvaggio, Alfred Garrett, Brent Bartlett, Jason Faulring, Robert Kremens, Philip Salvaggio

Proceedings Volume 7299, 72990B (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818956

KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Cameras, Thermal modeling, Long wavelength infrared, Thermography, Imaging systems, Distortion, Infrared imaging, Temperature metrology, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2009 Paper

Radiometric modeling of mechanical draft cooling towers to assist in the extraction of their absolute temperature from remote thermal imagery

Matthew Montanaro, Carl Salvaggio, Scott Brown, David Messinger, Alfred Garrett, James Bollinger

Proceedings Volume 7299, 729909 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.817527

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Thermal modeling, Thermography, Fluctuations and noise, Image sensors, Image processing, Physics, Solid modeling, 3D modeling

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Proceedings Article | 11 April 2008 Paper

Apparent temperature dependence on localized atmospheric water vapor

Matthew Montanaro, Carl Salvaggio, Scott Brown, David Messinger, Alfred Garrett

Proceedings Volume 6966, 696618 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.774694

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Black bodies, Directed energy weapons, Atmospheric sensing, Atmospheric modeling, Infrared radiation, Long wavelength infrared, Atmospheric particles, Thermal modeling, Platinum

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The atmosphere is a critical factor in remote sensing. Radiance from a target must pass through the air column to reach the sensor. The atmosphere alters the radiance reaching the sensor by attenuating the radiance from the target via scattering and absorption and by introducing an upwelling radiance. In the thermal infrared, these effects will introduce errors in the derived apparent temperature of the target if not properly accounted for. The temperature error is defined as the difference between the target leaving apparent temperature and observed apparent temperature. The effects of the atmosphere must be understood in order to develop methods to compensate for this error. Different atmospheric components will affect the radiation passing through it in different ways. Certain components may be more important than others depending on the remote sensing application. The authors are interested in determining the actual temperature of the superstructure that composes a mechanical draft cooling tower (MDCT), hence water vapor is the primary constituent of concern. The tower generates a localized water vapor plume located between the target and sensor. The MODTRAN radiative transfer code is used to model the effects of a localized exhaust plume from a MDCT in the longwave infrared. The air temperature and dew point depression of the plume and the thickness of the plume are varied to observe the effect on the apparent temperature error. In addition, the general atmospheric conditions are varied between two standard MODTRAN atmospheres to study any effect that ambient conditions have on the apparent temperature error. The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) modeling tool is used to simulate the radiance reaching a thermal sensor from a target after passing through the water vapor plume. The DIRSIG results are validated against the MODTRAN results. This study shows that temperature errors of as much as one Kelvin can be attributed to the presence of a localized water vapor plume.

Proceedings Article | 17 March 2008 Paper

Aerial measurements of convection cell elements in heated lakes

E. Villa-Aleman, S. Salaymeh, T. Brown, A. Garrett, L. Nichols, M. Pendergast

Proceedings Volume 6939, 69390S (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.778367

KEYWORDS: Convection, Infrared radiation, Infrared imaging, Heat flux, Cameras, Infrared cameras, Temperature metrology, Skin, Thermography, Forward looking infrared

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Proceedings Article | 17 March 2008 Paper

Direct measurement of heat flux from cooling lake thermal imagery

Alfred Garrett, Eliel Villa-Aleman, Robert Kurzeja, Malcolm Pendergast

Proceedings Volume 6939, 69390T (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.768102

KEYWORDS: Thermography, Heat flux, Cameras, Linear filtering, Convection, Temperature metrology, Infrared cameras, Wind energy, Turbulence, Thermal effects

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 2007 Paper

Radiometric modeling of cavernous targets to assist in the determination of absolute temperature for input to process models

Matthew Montanaro, Carl Salvaggio, Scott Brown, David Messinger, Adam Goodenough, Alfred Garrett, Eliel Villa-Aleman

Proceedings Volume 6565, 656511 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.718666

KEYWORDS: Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Reflection, Reflectivity, Process modeling, Sensors, Black bodies, Infrared imaging, Solid modeling, Digital imaging, 3D modeling

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Determining the temperature of an internal surface within cavernous targets, such as the interior wall of a mechanical draft cooling tower, from remotely sensed imagery is important for many surveillance applications that provide input to process models. The surface leaving radiance from an observed target is a combination of the self-emitted radiance and the reflected background radiance. The self-emitted radiance component is a function of the temperature-dependent blackbody radiation and the view-dependent directional emissivity. The reflected background radiance component depends on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of the surface, the incident radiance from surrounding sources, and the BRDF for each of these background sources. Inside a cavity, the background radiance emanating from any of the multiple internal surfaces will be a combination of the self-emitted and reflected energy from the other internal surfaces as well as the downwelling sky radiance. This scenario provides for a complex radiometric inversion problem in order to arrive at the absolute temperature of any of these internal surfaces. The cavernous target has often been assumed to be a blackbody, but in field experiments it has been determined that this assumption does not always provide an accurate surface temperature. The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) modeling tool is being used to represent a cavity target. The model demonstrates the dependence of the radiance reaching the sensor on the emissivity of the internal surfaces and the multiple internal interactions between all the surfaces that make up the overall target. The cavity model is extended to a detailed model of a mechanical draft cooling tower. The predictions of derived temperature from this model are compared to those derived from actual infrared imagery collected with a helicopter-based broadband infrared imaging system collected over an operating tower located at the Savannah River National Laboratory site.

Proceedings Article | 17 January 2002 Paper

Comparison of MTI satellite-derived surface water temperatures and in-situ measurements

Robert Kurzeja, Malcolm Pendergast, Eliel Villa-Aleman, Alfred Garrett

Proceedings Volume 4480, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453350

KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Skin, Satellites, Calibration, Infrared imaging, Thermography, Sensors, Sun, Photometry, Radiometry

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Proceedings Article | 17 January 2002 Paper

Analyses of MTI imagery of power plant thermal discharge

Alfred Garrett

Proceedings Volume 4480, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453349

KEYWORDS: Thermography, Cooling systems, Image analysis, Thermal modeling, Temperature metrology, Wind energy, Wind measurement, Calibration, Multispectral imaging, Earth observing sensors

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Proceedings Article | 18 September 2001 Paper

Use of natural bodies of water for IR calibration targets

Robert Kurzeja, Malcolm Pendergast, Eliel Villa-Aleman, Alfred Garrett

Proceedings Volume 4370, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.440072

KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Radiometry, Skin, Thermography, Calibration, Infrared radiation, Infrared sensors, Humidity, Infrared imaging, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2001 Paper

Ground-truth collections at the MTI core sites

Alfred Garrett, Robert Kurzeja, Matthew Parker, Byron O'Steen, Malcolm Pendergast, Eliel Villa-Aleman

Proceedings Volume 4381, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.437032

KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Skin, Reflectivity, Calibration, Meteorology, Algorithm development, FT-IR spectroscopy, Data centers, Databases, Thermography

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2001 Paper

Observations and model predictions of water skin temperatures at MTI core site lakes and reservoirs

Alfred Garrett, Robert Kurzeja, Byron O'Steen, Matthew Parker, Malcolm Pendergast, Eliel Villa-Aleman, Mary Pagnutti

Proceedings Volume 4381, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.437012

KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Skin, Astatine, Solar radiation models, Data modeling, 3D modeling, Thermography, Atmospheric modeling, Radiometry, Wind energy

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Proceedings Article | 23 March 2001 Paper

Thermal targets for satellite calibration

Eliel Villa-Aleman, Alfred Garrett, Robert Kurzeja, Byron O'Steen, Malcolm Pendergast

Proceedings Volume 4360, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.421021

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Temperature metrology, Calibration, Thermography, Skin, Radiometry, Satellite imaging, Black bodies, Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 30 March 2000 Paper

Aerial thermography studies of power plant heated lakes

Eliel Villa-Aleman, Alfred Garrett, Robert Kurzeja, Malcolm Pendergast

Proceedings Volume 4020, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.381571

KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Skin, Thermography, Radiometry, Satellites, Thermal modeling, Calibration, Infrared cameras, 3D modeling, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 27 October 1999 Paper

Post-launch validation of Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) data and algorithms

Alfred Garrett, Robert Kurzeja, Byron O'Steen, Matthew Parker, Malcolm Pendergast, Eliel Villa-Aleman

Proceedings Volume 3753, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.366305

KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Skin, Detection and tracking algorithms, Radiometry, Atmospheric modeling, Algorithm development, Atmospheric particles, Reflectivity, Satellites, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 27 October 1999 Paper

Multispectral Thermal Imager mission overview

Paul Weber, Brian Brock, Alfred Garrett, Barham Smith, Christoph Borel, William Clodius, Steven Bender, R. Rex Kay, Max Decker

Proceedings Volume 3753, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.366296

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Atmospheric modeling, Calibration, Multispectral imaging, Sensors, Thermography, Remote sensing, Spatial resolution, Atmospheric sensing, Systems modeling

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Proceedings Article | 16 October 1998 Paper

Multispectral thermal imaging

Paul Weber, Steven Bender, Christoph Borel, William Clodius, Alfred Garrett, R. Rex Kay, Malcolm Pendergast, Barham Smith

Proceedings Volume 3438, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.328118

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Satellites, Telescopes, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Atmospheric modeling, Staring arrays, Mirrors, Remote sensing

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Showing 5 of 21 publications

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