A mathematical model for the calculation of the optical and thermal properties of an ensemble of gold nanostars with different tip lengths L = 10 to 20 nm in an aqueous environment is proposed. The heating of a nanoparticle ensemble under irradiation by a laser pulse of a nanosecond duration: resonant λ = 808 nm and nonresonant λ = 1064 nm is studied. A significant blue shift of surface plasmon resonance during the formation of a vapor bubble around the nanoparticle was detected and described. Based on the analysis of the kinetics of nanoparticle heating under the action of a laser pulse before and after the formation of a vapor bubble, a theoretical description of the experimentally observed threshold nature of particle photomodification is given. It was found that the laser intensity Im necessary to achieve the melting temperature Tm (photomodification threshold) tends to increase with decreasing nanostar tip length and for an individual nanostar differs by an order of magnitude. However, up to 45% of the nanoparticles are heated to the melting temperature Tm by a single pulse with an intensity only 2.5 times higher than the minimum value of Im. At a wavelength of 1064 nm, Im is ∼6 times higher than at a wavelength of 808 nm.
In this paper, a theoretical model of the formation of a local temperature field in suspensions of microorganisms with embedded plasmonic gold nanorods under irradiation by low-intensity NIR laser light was considered. The results of numerical modeling of the optical properties of plasmon nanorods used in the experiments, and the results of multiscale modeling of the parameters of local hyperthermia with various types of distribution of the concentration of plasmon nanoparticles are presented. Found that the process of concentration of nanoparticles, functionalized with human immune globulins IgA and IgG, around the cells of microorganisms with the formation of "clouds" leads to the appearance of a microscale zone of elevated temperature. This ensures a synergistic effect of a multiplicative increase in the volume of the hyperthermia zone. The results of numerical simulation provide a justification for the experimentally observed increase in the bacterium killing ability at laser hyperthermia of the cellular environment doped with functionalized nanoparticles, without a noticeable increment in the recorded average sample temperature when irradiated with a low intensity laser beam of around 100 mW/cm2.
The consistent patterns for local temperature fields under laser irradiation of biological tissue doped by effectively absorbing plasmon gold nanostars are discussed. Differences in the degree of spatial localization and the kinetics of the photoinduced temperature fields under irradiation by femto-, pico- and nanosecond pulses are revealed.
This paper is devoted to the theoretical study of the effect of Nottingham in a composite electron field emission structure with a nanoscale DLC film on a metal blade. The processes of heat release during electron tunneling through the metal- DLC film interface and through the DLC film-vacuum interface are simulated under conditions of localization of an applied external electrostatic field. A comparative analysis of heat generation for two planar structures with a molybdenum blade is carried out - with a DLC film coating and without coating.
In this work, we investigate the spectral and polarization characteristics of a vacuum photosensor with a nanoscale molybdenum blade as a sensing element. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the optical fields in the sensor and the photocurrent produced by laser beam irradiation in the range of wavelengths from the visible to the near infrared are presented. The existence of a photo-response far beyond the red threshold of the classical photoelectric effect is ensured by the localization of an external strong electrostatic field. Features of the field interaction of radiation with a molybdenum blade cause the registered spectral non-monotonicity of the photocurrent value, which corresponds to the results of theoretical studies. The ballistic transport of electrons in a vacuum is characterized by a high speed. Achieved results made the photosensor based on nanoscale molybdenum blade promising in the development of ultrafast vacuum micro and nanoelectronic devices.
Numerical modeling of spectral absorption and scattering properties of structures manufactured as the ordered arrays of plasmon nanoparticles is carried out in this work. The results of numerical 2D simulation of selective heating of an array of plasmon resonant gold nanodiscs irradiated by a CW NIR laser (810 or 1064 nm) are presented. Calculations fit well to experimental data received. We demonstrate the possibility to control the local amplification of a shining laser field in the space between nanodiscs, as well as plasmon resonance absorption of each individual nanodisc. The perspectives of application of such nanostructures for providing of precision dosed-up thermal effects in cells and biological tissues are discussed.
In this work, we describe the technology and design of planar multilayer structure. It is used as a sensitive element of the vacuum photosensor. Metal and dielectric layers are of nanoscale thickness. It is shown that the use of a thin molybdenum blade in the structure ensures the localization of the electrostatic field and increases the photosensitivity of the vacuum sensor. Submicron inter-electrode gaps provide a short transit time of the electron beam caused by the action of a light pulse. The ballistic transport of electrons in a vacuum is characterized by a high speed.
We have developed a numerical model describing the optical and thermal behavior of optical tissue phantoms upon laser irradiation. According to our previous studies, the phantoms can be used as substitute of real skin from the optical, as well as thermal point of view. However, the thermal parameters are not entirely similar to those of real tissues thus there is a need to develop mathematical model, describing the thermal and optical response of such materials. This will facilitate the correction factors, which would be invaluable in translation between measurements on skin phantom to real tissues, and gave a good representation of a real case application.
Here, we present the model dependent on the data of our optical phantoms fabricated and measured in our previous preliminary study. The ambiguity between the modeling and the thermal measurements depend on lack of accurate knowledge of material's thermal properties and some exact parameters of the laser beam. Those parameters were varied in the simulation, to provide an overview of possible parameters' ranges and the magnitude of thermal response.
In this paper, the regularity of local light absorption by gold nanostars (AuNSts) model is studied by method of numerical simulation. The mutual diffraction influence of individual geometric fragments of AuNSts is analyzed. A comparison is made with an approximate analytical approach for estimating the average bulk density of absorbed power and total absorbed power by individual geometric fragments of AuNSts. It is shown that the results of the approximate analytical estimate are in qualitative agreement with the numerical calculations of the light absorption by AuNSts.
The paper provides a justification and a comparative analysis of the scaling directions of the developed and investigated planar triode field emission cathode unit with the aim of increasing the maximum field current density up to 0.75 A-cm-2 without sacrificing durability. The design features of the vacuum device with a planar structure provided low-voltage control - at 150 V in the mode of long-term durability and not more than 250 V in the mode of the maximum permissible emission current.
The tunneling photo effect has been studied in a microdiode with an electrostatic field localized at an emitter based on a nanosized DLC structure. It is established the photocurrent, when the carbon nanoemitter is exposed by laser and tunable low-coherent radiation in the spectral range from UV to near IR with photons of low energy (below work function). A linear dependence of the photocurrent on the level of optical power in the range of micro- and milliwatt power is established. The effect of saturation of the current-voltage characteristics of the tunnel photocurrent associated with a finite concentration of non-equilibrium photoelectrons is observed. The observed spectral Watt-Amper characteristics can be adequately interpreted using a modified Fowler–Nordheim equation for non-equilibrium photoelectrons.
A model for calculating the electrostatic field in the system "probe of a tunnel microscope - a nanostructure based on a DLC film" was developed. A finite-element modeling of the localization of the field was carried out, taking into account the morphological and topological features of the nanostructure. The obtained results and their interpretation contribute to the development of the concepts to the model of tunnel electric transport processes. The possibility for effective usage of the tunneling microscopy methods in the development of new nanophotonic devices is shown.
The phenomenon of electron tunnel photoemission from the DLC film structure is discussed. Planar multi-electrode structure provides formation of zones of localization the electrostatic field of a certain topology. Under the influence of a strong electrostatic field, both equilibrium and nonequilibrium (photoexcited or "hot") electrons tunnel into the vacuum from the zone of concentration of electrostatic field. The results of experimental studies and theoretical simulations of the process show the saturation of photoemission current component with an increase in operating voltage. This fact makes it possible to realize the high-speed control of the spectral sensitivity of the photosensor. This is fundamentally important for applications in the modern electronic and photonic devices.
Multiple factors and their impact on the stability of DLC field emission structures are discussed in the present work. Planar multi-electrode structures, in which the formation of zones of localization the electrostatic field of a certain topology performed, are examined. Estimates carried out demonstrated the existence of an effective solution for creating reliable and durable vacuum devices for electronics and photonics. Conclusions are confirmed by the results of experimental studies. Samples of devices showed an average current density of field emission 0.30-0.35 A/cm2.
The results of the practical implementation of the concept of field-emission current source with high average current density of 0.1-0.3 A-cm-2 are shown. The durability of cathode samples at a level of 6000 hours is achieved under conditions of technical vacuum. A phenomenological model is suggested that describes the tunneling of both equilibrium and nonequilibrium electrons in a vacuum from the zone of concentration of electrostatic field. Conditions are discussed as the resulting increase in the emission current due to the connection mechanism of the photoelectric effect is thermodynamically favorable, that is not accompanied by an undesirable increase in the temperature of the local emission zone. It is shown that to ensure stability and durability of the cathode is also important to limit the concentration of equilibrium carriers using composite structures «DLC film on Mo substrate." This helps to reduce the criticality of the CVC. A possible alternative is to use a restrictive resistance in the cathode. However, this increases the heat losses and thus decreases assembly efficiency. The results of experimental studies of the structure showing the saturation of photoemission current component with an increase in operating voltage. This fact suggests the existence of an effective mechanism for control of emission at constant operating voltage. This is fundamentally important for the stabilization of field emission cathode, providing a reliability and durability. The single-photon processes and the small thickness DLC films (15-20 nm) provide high-speed process of control.
This paper discusses one of the key problems of laser-induced tissue/cell hyperthermia mediated by gold nanoparticles, namely, quantifying and precise prediction of the light exposure to provide a controllable local heating impact on living organisms. The distributions of such parameters as an efficiency factor of absorption, differential and integral absorbing power of a nanoparticle, temperature increment, and Arrhenius damage integral were used to quantify nanoparticle effectiveness in the two-dimensional coordinate space “laser wavelength (λ)× radius of gold nanoparticles (R).” It was found that the fulfillment of required spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature fields in the vicinity of nanoparticle determines the optimal λ and R. As a result, the area in the space (λ×R) with a minimal criticality to alterations of the local hyperthermia may be significantly displaced from the position of the plasmonic resonance. The aspects of generalization of the proposed methodology for the analysis of local hyperthermia using nanoparticles of different shapes (nanoshells, nanorods, nanostars) and short pulse laser radiation are discussed.
The work is devoted to the development of a new direction in creating of broadband photo sensors which distinctive
feature is the possibility of dynamic adjustment of operating frequency range. The author’s results of study of red
threshold control of classic photoelectric effect were the basis for the work implementation. This effect was predicted
theoretically and observed experimentally during irradiation of nanoscale carbon structure of planar-edge type by
stream of low-energy photons. The variation of the accelerating voltage within a small range allows you to change
photoelectric threshold for carbon in a wide range - from UV to IR. This is the consequence of the localization of
electrostatic field at tip of the blade planar structure and of changes in the conditions of non-equilibrium electrons
tunneling from the boundary surface of the cathode into the vacuum. The generation of nonequilibrium electrons in the
carbon film thickness of 20 nm has a high speed which provides high performance of photodetector. The features of the
use of nanoscale carbon structure photocurrent registration as in the prethreshold regime, and in the mode of field
emission existence are discussed. The results of simulation and experimental examination of photosensor samples are
given. It is shown that the observed effect is a single-photon tunneling. This in combination with the possibility of highspeed
dynamic tuning determines the good perspectives for creation of new devices working in the mode of select
multiple operating spectral bands for the signal recording. The architecture of such devices is expected to be
significantly simpler than the conventional ones, based on the use of tunable filters.
A mathematical model and numerical simulation of nonstationary temperature field within tissues and cells locally
heated under pulse laser irradiation mediated by plasmonic nanoparticles are presented. The essential temperature
alterations during laser pulse and time interval between pulses was found. Temperature spatial-temporal profile depends
on a number of parameters including optical and thermophysical properties of cell membrane and nanoparticles, laser
wavelength, energy, pulse duration and repetition rate. On the basis of introduced parameters a quantitative evaluation of
thermal effects was done. The possibilities of usage of these parameters to study their correlation with irreversible
photothermal effects, including a change in the permeability of cell membrane during optoporation, are discussed.
Paper presents and discusses the features of laser-induced thermal dynamics of the gold nanoshells, which is associated
with their relatively large size and layered structure. Unlike bulk nanoparticles the existence of a novel thermal
phenomenon - hoop-shaped narrow hot zone on the nanoshell surface - is found. It is caused by spatial-temporal
inhomogeneities of light field diffracted by a nanoshell and corresponding absorption of laser radiation. The numerical
solution of time-dependent heat conduction equation accounting for corresponding spatially inhomogeneous distribution
of heating sources is presented.
Absence of satisfactory criteria for discrete model parameters choice during computer modeling of thermal processes of laser-biotissue interaction may be the premier sign for accuracy of numerical results obtained. The approach realizing the new concept of direct automatical adaptive grid construction is suggested. The intellectual program provides high calculation accuracy and is simple in practical usage so that a physician receives the ability to prescribe treatment without any assistance of a specialist in mathematical modeling. The real possibility of controlling of the hyperthermia processes exists: the changes of hyperthermia region volume, of its depth and of the temperature levels are possible by means of changing of free convection boundary conditions on the tissue outer surface, of the power, the radius and the shape of laser beam.
The absence of satisfactory criteria for discrete model parameters choice during computer modeling of thermal processes of laser-biotissue interaction may be the premier sign for the accuracy of the numerical results obtained. The approach realizing the new concept of direct automatical adaptive grid construction is suggested. The intellectual program provides high calculation accuracy and is simple in practical usage so that a physician receives the ability to prescribe treatment without any assistance of a specialist in mathematical modeling.
The physical processes of the skin hyperthermia accompanying the tissue irradiation by visible laser light is discussed. The numerical model based on the program complex SFEMA takes into account the physical heterogeneity and the absorption power density distribution, which was obtained by the Monte Carlo method. The temperature distribution to boundary condition and laser beam radius was researched. The possibility to obtain the needed temperature distribution was shown.
The Monte Carlo method of statistical simulations was used to evaluate the effects of anisotropic scattering and refractive index mismatch at the boundaries of the medium on light and temperature distribution in the multilayered biotissues during laser irradiation. The influence of optical parameters of multilayered tissue on its stationary thermal response was examined by using an adaptive version of finite element solution of the heat conduction equation. Calculations were performed for two models of human skin and adjacent tissues for visible (five layer model) and UV (three layer model) ranges of wavelengths. The topic of this paper is especially pertinent to laser percutaneous irradiation of blood and laser PUVA therapy.
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