KEYWORDS: LIDAR, 3D modeling, Soil science, Inspection, Data modeling, Earthquakes, RGB color model, Geographic information systems, Vegetation, Wave propagation
Airborne LiDAR monitoring integrated with field data is employed to assess the fundamental period and the seismic loading of structures composing an urban area under prescribed earthquake scenarios. Α piecewise work-flow is adopted by combining geometrical data of the building stock derived from a LiDAR-based 3D city model, structural data from in-situ inspections on representative city blocks and results of soil response analyses. The procedure is implemented in the residential area of Kalochori, (west of Thessaloniki in Northern Greece). Special attention is paid to the in-situ inspection of the building stock in order to discriminate recordings between actual buildings and man-made constructions that do not conform to seismic design codes and to acquire additional building stock data on structural materials, typologies and number of stories which is not feasible by the LiDAR process. The processed LiDAR and field data are employed to compute the fundamental period of each building by means of code-defined formulas. Knowledge of soil conditions in the Kalochoti area allows for soil response analyses to obtain free-field at ground surface under earthquake scenarios with varying return period. Upon combining the computed vibrational characteristics of the structures with the free-field response spectra, the seismic loading imposed on the structures of the urban area under investigation is derived for each one of the prescribed seismic motions. Results are presented in GIS environment in the form of spatially distributed spectral accelerations with direct implications in seismic vulnerability studies of an urban area.
C. Loupasakis, P. Tsangaratos, D. Rozos, Th. Rondoyianni, A. Vafidis, G. Kritikakis, M. Steiakakis, Z. Agioutantis, A. Savvaidis, P. Soupios, I. Papadopoulos, N. Papadopoulos, A. Sarris, M.-D. Mangriotis, U. Dikmen
The specification of the near surface ground conditions is highly important for the design of civil constructions. These conditions determine primarily the ability of the foundation formations to bear loads, the stress – strain relations and the corresponding settlements, as well as the soil amplification and corresponding peak ground motion in case of dynamic loading. The static and dynamic geotechnical parameters as well as the ground-type/soil-category can be determined by combining geotechnical and geophysical methods, such as engineering geological surface mapping, geotechnical drilling, in situ and laboratory testing and geophysical investigations. The above mentioned methods were combined, through the Thalis ″Geo-Characterization″ project, for the site characterization in selected sites of the Hellenic Accelerometric Network (HAN) in the area of Crete Island. The combination of the geotechnical and geophysical methods in thirteen (13) sites provided sufficient information about their limitations, setting up the minimum tests requirements in relation to the type of the geological formations. The reduced accuracy of the surface mapping in urban sites, the uncertainties introduced by the geophysical survey in sites with complex geology and the 1D data provided by the geotechnical drills are some of the causes affecting the right order and the quantity of the necessary investigation methods. Through this study the gradual improvement on the accuracy of site characterization data is going to be presented by providing characteristic examples from a total number of thirteen sites. Selected examples present sufficiently the ability, the limitations and the right order of the investigation methods.
Continuous topography from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data is frequently segmented into terrain classes based on local morphological characteristics of terrain elevation, e.g., local slope gradient and convexity. The resulting classes are often used as proxies for the average shear wave velocity up to 30 m, and the determination of ground types as required by the Eurocode (EC8) for computing elastic design spectra. In this work, we investigate the links between terrain related variables, particularly slope gradient, extracted for the area of Greece from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 30 arc second global topographic data available from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), with: (a) the global terrain classification product of Iwahashi and Pike (2007) in which 16 terrain types are identified for the same spatial resolution, and (b) information on geological units extracted at the same resolution from the geological map of Greece at a scale of 1/500000 as published from the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME). An interpretation of these links is presented within the context of understanding the reliability of using geology, slope and terrain classes for site characterizations of earthquake risk in a high seismicity area like Greece. Our results indicate that slope is a somewhat biased proxy for solid rocks, whereas in Alluvial deposits the distance to and type of the nearest geological formation appears to provide qualitative information on the size of the sedimentary deposit.
A. Savvaidis, B. Margaris, N. Theodoulidis, V. Lekidis, Ch. Karakostas, M.-D. Mangriotis, I. Kalogeras, S. Koutrakis, A. Vafidis, M. Steiakakis, Z. Agioutantis, D. Rozos, C. Loupasakis, Th. Rondoyanni, P. Tsangaratos, U. Dikmen, N. Papadopoulos, A. Sarris, P. Soupios, E. Kokkinou, I. Papadopoulos, M. Kouli, F. Vallianatos
For the seismic action estimation according to Eurocode (EC8) one has to characterize site conditions and suitably estimate soil amplification and corresponding peak ground motion for the site. For this reason, as specified, one has to define a design spectrum through the ground-type/soil-category (S), and the peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the reference return period (TNCR) for the corresponding seismic zone and for structural technical requirements chosen by the designer. Ground type is defined through geophysical/geotechnical parameters, i.e. (a) the average shear wave velocity up to 30 meters depth, (b) the Standard Penetration Test blow-count, and (c) the undrained shear strength of soil. Through the “GEO-CHARACTERIZATION” THALIS-PROJECT we combine different geophysical and geotechnical methods in order to more accurately define the ground conditions in selected sites of the Hellenic Accelerometric Network (HAN) in the area of Crete Island. More specifically in the present efforts, geological information shear wave velocity and attenuation model calculated from seismic surface geophysical measurements is used. Additionally we utilize the ground acceleration recorded through HAN from intermediate depth earthquakes in the broader area of South Aegean Sea. Using the recorded ground motion data and the procedure defined in EC8, the corresponding elastic response spectrum is calculated for selected sites. The resulting information are compared with the values defined for the corresponding EC8 spectrum for the seismic zone comprising the island of Crete. As a final outcome of this work we intend to propose regional normalized elastic spectra for seismic design of structures and urban development planning and compare them with Eurocode.
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