The ultimate solar radiation received by solar systems is the result of being absorbed and scattered by aerosols, and it is mainly influenced by the geometric structure and composition of the aerosol particles, which can be determined by the formation process. Samples of atmospheric aerosol particles were collected in Harbin from February to April 2019. Gravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and liquid phase ion chromatography were used to analyze the morphology, mixed structure, and water-soluble ion physicochemical properties of particulate samples. The results showed that the average concentration of particulate matter in dust weather was 648.31  μg  /  m³. The main mixed structure was an external mixed structure, accounting for 58%, and the mass concentration of water-soluble ions accounted for ∼3.6  %   of the total suspended particles. In haze weather, the average concentration of particulate matter was 319.90  μg  /  m³ and the main mixed structure was a core–shell structure, accounting for 60%. The mass concentration of water-soluble ions accounted for ∼11.9  %   of the total suspended particles.