Lasers play a fundamental role in science and technology from quantum computing, to communications, sensing, and imaging. The scaling of lasers and in-particular of surface emitting lasers is a multi-decade long question that has been investigated since the invention of lasers in 1958. In the first part of the talk, I will argue that a surface emitting laser that remains single mode irrespective of its size, should of necessity also waste light at the edge. This is a fundamental departure from the Schawlow-Townes two-mirror strategy that preserves gain and minimizes loss by keeping light away from mirrors. The strategy was implemented in our recent discovery of the Berkeley Surface Emitting Laser (BerkSEL). In the second part of this talk, I will discuss our invention of functional topological lasers: integrable non-reciprocal coherent light sources as well as compact bound state in continuum sources.
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