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The papers in this volume were part of the technical conference cited on the cover and title page. Papers were selected and subject to review by the editors and conference program committee. Some conference presentations may not be available for publication. Additional papers and presentation recordings may be available online in the SPIE Digital Library at SPIEDigitalLibrary.org. The papers reflect the work and thoughts of the authors and are published herein as submitted. The publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. Please use the following format to cite material from these proceedings: Author(s), ‘Title of Paper,” in Nanophotonics and Macrophotonics for Space Environments IX, edited by Edward W. Taylor, David A. Cardimona, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 9616 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2015) Six-digit Article CID Number. ISSN: 0277-786X ISSN: 1996-756X (electronic) ISBN: 9781628417821 Published by SPIE P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Telephone +1 360 676 3290 (Pacific Time) · Fax +1 360 647 1445 Copyright © 2015, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Copying of material in this book for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, beyond the fair use provisions granted by the U.S. Copyright Law is authorized by SPIE subject to payment of copying fees. The Transactional Reporting Service base fee for this volume is $18.00 per article (or portion thereof), which should be paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Payment may also be made electronically through CCC Online at copyright.com. Other copying for republication, resale, advertising or promotion, or any form of systematic or multiple reproduction of any material in this book is prohibited except with permission in writing from the publisher. The CCC fee code is 0277-786X/15/$18.00. Printed in the United States of America. Publication of record for individual papers is online in the SPIE Digital Library. Paper Numbering: Proceedings of SPIE follow an e-First publication model. A unique citation identifier (CID) number is assigned to each article at the time of publication. Utilization of CIDs allows articles to be fully citable as soon as they are published online, and connects the same identifier to all online and print versions of the publication. SPIE uses a six-digit CID article numbering system structured as follows:
AuthorsNumbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first four digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B…0Z, followed by 10-1Z, 20-2Z, etc. Alnawakhtha, Yusuf, 05, 09 Arias, Sebastian, 09 Barbier, Frederic, 0R Batliner, Payton, 05, 09 Battle, Phil, 0K Beal, A. Craig, 0N Bigelow, Matthew S., 0K Bollweg, K., 02 Bommena, Ramana, 0E Brashears, Travis, 03, 05, 06, 07, 09, 0A Cardimona, D. A., 0S Christensen, Caleb A., 0N Claflin, Bruce, 0W Cowan, Vincent M., 0E, 0F, 0G, 0H, 0I, 0S, 0V Cummings, Malcolm, 0N Dale, Elijah, 0L Dawson, Nathan J., 0B Eliyahu, Danny, 0L Ellman, Brett, 0B Endicott, James, 0R Fahey, Stephen, 0E, 0I Fraser, T., 0V Gao, Fei, 0S Garduño, Eli A., 0H Gergieva, Jana, 09 Ghosh, C., 0J Giles, Nancy C., 0W Gilkes, Aidan, 06, 09 Griswold, Janelle, 03, 05, 06, 07, 09 Guha, Shekhar, 0W Halliburton, Larry E., 0W Hawthorne, Todd, 0K Holland, Andrew D., 0R Hopkins, F. Kenneth, 0W Huang, Danhong, 0S Hubbs, J., 0V Hughes, Gary B., 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09 Ilchenko, Vladimir, 0L Jenkins, Geoffrey D., 0G Johannes, Benjamin T., 07 Johansson, Isabella, 05, 06 Kangas, Miikka, 05, 07 Klein, Brianna, 0I Krishna, Sanjay, 0F, 0I Kuznetsova, Yuliya, 0F Lagasse, Michael, 0N Lang, Alex, 05, 09 Liang, Wei, 0L Lubin, Philip M., 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A Lucas, Mark, 0N Madajian, Jonathan, 05, 06, 09 Maleki, Lute, 0L Malone, Mitchell C., 0I Martin, K. W., 0V Martin, R. N., 02 Matsko, Andrey, 0L Matthews, Rachael, 0B Mayer, Frederic, 0R McDonough, Kyle, 09 McNeil, Shirley A., 0K Meinhold, Peter, 03, 05, 06, 07, 09 Melgaard, S., 0V Melis, Carl, 04, 08 Miglo, A., 0J Morath, Christian P., 0E, 0F, 0G, 0H, 0I, 0S Motta, Caio, 03, 05, 06, 07, 09 Myers, Stephen A., 0F O’Neill, Hugh, 03, 07 Patrick, Michael S., 0B Paul, Sanjoy, 0B Pentzer, Emily, 0B Perez-Moreno, Javier, 0D Peters, Kyle, 0B Pfau, Krysten, 06 Plis, Elena, 0F Prater, Kenyon, 05, 09 Ramirez, David A., 0F Riley, Jordan, 03, 07 Roberts, Tony D., 0K Romeo, R. C., 02 Rushton, Joseph E., 0R Savchenkov, Anatoliy, 0L Savich, G. R., 0U Schunemann, Peter G., 0W Seurin, J.-F., 0J Shao, Michael, 0A Sheik-Bahae, M., 0V Sidor, D. E., 0U Silverstein, Bret, 09 Singer, Kenneth D., 0B Sison, Claudia A., 07 Sivananthan, Sivalingam, 0E Stefanov, Konstantin D., 0R Steffanic, Patrick, 07 Sturman, Olivia, 09 Suen, Jonathan, 05, 07 Sun, Sam-Shajing, 0O Thiry, Nicolas, 0X Turyshev, Slava, 0A Twieg, Robert J., 0B Vasile, Massimiliano, 0X Velicu, Silviu, 0E Waden, Damien L., 0H Walsh, Kevin J., 04, 08 Wang, Dan, 0O Watkins, L. S., 0J Wicks, G. W., 0U Xu, B., 0J Xu, G., 0J Zavriyev, Anton, 0N Zawilski, Kevin T., 0W Zhang, Qicheng, 03, 04, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A Zhao, Jun, 0E Zhou, D., 0J Conference CommitteeProgram Track Chairs
Conference Chairs
Conference Co-chair Conference Program Committee
Session Chairs
4IntroductionThis volume contains papers presented at the SPIE Optics + Photonics conference entitled Nanophotonics and Macrophotonics for Space Environments IX. The conference proceedings are primarily comprised of in-progress and advanced research and development in a variety of photonic-based technologies for improving many current space technology applications. The papers contained within the proceedings are authored by academic, industrial, and government agencies involved in investigating, designing, testing and analyzing photonic concepts, the survivability and reliability of components, and systems for potential and near-term operation in adverse space environments. Of particular interest are space effects that can degrade space technologies, such as near-Earth ionization and displacement radiation, temperature cycling, micrometeorite impacts, interactions with asteroids and comets, and other cosmic events encountered in interstellar and space exploration missions. Within the proceedings are papers dealing with recent investigations and advances in photonic-based designs for directed-energy fiber-optic laser arrays for planetary defense concepts and future space exploration missions. A variety of polymer, organic and hybrid materials for efficient energy harvesting in space, and recent advances in radiation hardened semiconductors for applications requiring improved components (such as ring lasers, photoconductors, photovoltaic cells and radiation hardened IR detectors) are included in this volume. Among the many innovative concepts found within these proceedings are applications and relatively new concepts involving the use of atomic clock Rb-based materials and vertical cavity emitting laser technologies for accomplishing radiation hardened space applications, such as precision interferometry sensors, inertial navigation systems, precision time keeping, and fast light enhanced optical gyroscopes. Discussed within these topic areas are novel approaches for achieving stable, light-weight systems and tunable single frequency operation that exceed present-day conventional systems. Of particular interest is the reported developmental progress of inertial navigation systems based on atomic interferometry, which would allow GPS-level precision in a GPS-free or GPS-jammed environment. The chairs wish to thank the program committee, co-chair, session chairs, authors, and especially the SPIE staff for their excellent assistance and efforts for making this conference a success. Edward W. Taylor David A. Cardimona |
