The availability of high resolution satellite imagery and the increasing amounts of geographic data collections enable exploring geographic phenomena on the base of highly detailed and dense information. Therefore suitable methods for explorative geovisualization (GeoVis) must be developed to emphasize relevant information in the data. This paper focuses on the development, implementation, and evaluation of attention-guiding visualization with respect to human cortical information processing and theories of relevance on maps of urban areas. The main value of exploring geospatial information is the ability to promptly locate patterns and easily decode the information in order to make inferences. These objectives are reflected in the basic factors of selective visual attention; i.e. the interaction of top-down factors (e.g. knowledge) and bottom-up factors (sensory stimulation). Attention guiding visualization is bottom-up oriented and focuses on the salient visualization of the location of relevant geospatial objects. Therefore, we propose the use of graphical variables that are solely based on perception- and relevance- oriented design principles. By computing saliency maps which spatially encode salient locations of our developed visualization we emphasize that our work is a substantial contribution to the enhancement of an exploration system's efficiency.

This paper presents a dual approach of autonomous navigation for intelligent virtual agent in large complex virtual urban environments. A hierarchical global road map of the environment for global path planning is precomputed at first by using of the constrained Delauny triangulation algorithm to partition the free space, which takes into consideration the uneven feature of terrain. The accuracy of the road map may be adjusted by resizing the length of constrained segment. At runtime, A* algorithm is performed to automatically computes a collision-free and constrained path between two specified locations, and then the local navigation is realized by obtaining the environmental information immediately through visual image based 3D virtual vision. Experimental results demonstrate that the approach can provide satisfying global path and real-time obstacle avoidance effect.

GIS and CAD are two different areas of computer technology and its applications, each is widely used in city planning, design and administration. Taking the data management of city planning in Ningbo, Zhejiang province as an example, and has loaded the basic data into database within an urban planning management information system, this paper puts forward a GIS-based organization solution and format standard of planning & design data, which follows designer's usual practice and requirements for design data prescribed by urban planning administration. It works perfectly in Ningbo Urban Planning and Design management system.

This paper uses the McArthur forest fire spread model, takes Visual C++ and OpenGL(Open Graphics Library) development kit, and experiments on the region of the Zhejiang Province Linan by using this city 1: 50000 DEM(Digital Elevation Model) data, investigations data of forest resources, unifies the real-time meteorological data, and researches the method of forest-fire spread simulation based on the 3D(three-dimension), which studies Forest fire production and the spread simulator method with its related algorithm in emphasis. The paper takes the forest fire production and spread method as the foundation to propose and design six algorithms to successively simulate the forest fire spread. Respectively: The fire that spreads in different directions algorithm, distributed fire points algorithm, scene of a fire region computation algorithm, mapping fire particle algorithm, flame production algorithm, and billboard technology application algorithm.

The software is now transferring from special system to open systems, which is easier to use and more self-adaptive. In this paper, the research on the an open visualization systems, Open Spatial Information Visualization System (OSIVS) is put forward. Firstly, by analyzing some existing open systems and concepts, the authors give the concept of Open Spatial Information Visualization System, and put forward some idea to build an OSIVS. Secondly, the authors describe a prototype system in details by analyzing an OSIVS developed by Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research. Finally, the conclusions are made on the research of OSIVS and its relationship to Self-adaptive Spatial Information System.

As the special case of VGE in the fields of AEC (architecture, engineering and construction), Virtual Building Environment (VBE) has been broadly concerned. Highly complex, large-scale 3d spatial data is main bottleneck of VBE applications, so 3d spatial data organization and management certainly becomes the core technology for VBE. This paper puts forward 3d spatial data model for VBE, and the performance to implement it is very high. Inherent storage method of CAD data makes data redundant, and doesn't concern efficient visualization, which is a practical bottleneck to integrate CAD model, so An Efficient Method to Integrate CAD Model Data is put forward. Moreover, Since the 3d spatial indices based on R-tree are usually limited by their weakness of low efficiency due to the severe overlap of sibling nodes and the uneven size of nodes, a new node-choosing algorithm of R-tree are proposed.

As a new research direction, collaborative virtual geographic environment (CVGE) offers an intuitively and efficiently interactive visualization environment. The environment allows geographically separated users to explore complicated spatial information and conduct collaborative work. Data collaboration plays a very important role in the CVGE because geographic data is its basic support. Data collaboration can support multi-directional sharing of data and files, allowing ideas and thoughts to be communicated interactively among CVGE attendees. In this paper, we firstly analyses the main characteristic of the CVGE data and some problems in data collaboration. Based on Multi Agent System (MAS) technology, then we design a cooperative data function model, which aims to integrate all data and databases in the CVGE and form a virtual uniform database. Some key problems such as concurrency control, distributed system architecture and the algorithm of creating dynamic group are also introduced. Finally, an example is given and the experiment result shows that the scheme addressed in the paper is efficient and feasible.

This paper proposed a new GIS symbolize process, called virtual machine based symbolize process. It is a new method to create and share map symbol libraries in different GIS platform by using symbol virtual machine, which screened the difference of the concrete GIS platform, and provide a uniform symbol interface for the GIS symbols designer, thus the symbols made by this method can be used in different GIS platforms, and achieve the same representation results.

The visualization of electronic map should be dynamic not only in the way of representation but also in the content creation in real time. In on-demand mapping, the user's favorites to map content are the key factor. It means that the design of electronic map has to consider providing several candidate visualizations according to the user's context. To settle on-demand question, the adaptive visualization has been an active topic in the field of map design in recent years. Based on practical experiments, this paper tries to present some adaptive strategies on the visualization of electronic map. Firstly, a conceptual framework of adaptive visualization is proposed, what includes the parts of the context interface, the map behaviors triggering factors, the adaptive mechanism, hierarchy control, output of result map, and the evaluation methods. We consider three main factors associated with the adaptive visualization: (1). the user's interactive map behaviors, (2). the context of the surroundings where the electronic map system stays, (3). the user category under their knowledge and experiences. The map behaviors include the ZOOM OUT, ZOOM IN, PAN, QUERY, ROTATION, and etc, which will result in changes for the contents and structures of map. These changes relate to the aspects about Map Extent, Scale, Location, Quantity, Quality, Direction, Density, and etc. The surroundings of map reading include the screen size, color display or B/W display, brightness, weather, special light scenery, speed of data loading, display sets, sound, time, event, culture, language, and etc. The map design has to provide different strategies to satisfy the periphery environment changes. According to some egocentric conditions, i.e., Location, Moving Orientation, Speed of Motion, and Self Properties, this paper gives some practical illustrations and descriptive maps. The classification of map users considers their knowledge, experience and specialty. We divide users into different levels. When the adaptive conditions change, each level takes a special action which will create a user-oriental outcome of adaptive visualization. This study is based on the practical design of electronic navigation map, and the subsections include several examples to illustrate different adaptive strategies.

Research works and applications of geographical information trend towards global view in space domain and high details in frequency domain. With the rapid development of network communication and distributed computing technology in the past years, it is now technically possible to provide the global high-resolution terrain service through network. Aiming at providing highly detailed terrain service for seamless 3D visualization and analysis over the Internet, this paper discusses the characteristics and bottlenecks of high-performance terrain data service. An extensible multi-pyramid data model is proposed to store and manage spatial data in both client and server sides. Based on this data model, an architectural design of adaptive terrain service is proposed to enhance Quality of Geospatial Information Service (QoGIS). Finally, based upon above studies, a prototype software system is developed for providing real time three-dimensional global terrain visualization service on the network.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to store, manipulate and visualize both spatial and non-spatial data. Because of their data manipulating capabilities, GIS have been recognized as a powerful tool to integrate and analyze data the context of flood management. To provide decision-relevant information supporting planning and management, GIS are integrated with hydrological models for scenario analysis and optimization tasks. However, with the aid of three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology, users can understand the spatial phenomenon deeply. This paper develops a system for regional scale flood prediction and protecting that integrates GIS, hydrological models, and 3D visualization. The well-known HEC models and self-develop models were used to compute flooded areas and estimation flood loss. The 3D virtual environment is accomplished by self-developed 3D graph engine. This approach provides a very useful tool, not only for flood policy formulation and floodplain management but also very appropriate for individual and institutional decision making processes.

As an important branch of visual reality technology, augmented reality has been applied to vast fields like commerce and education. This paper verifies the feasibility of applying augmented reality technology to the planning of residential district. A visual district planning system is designed and realized on the basis of augmented reality. It fully reflects the advantages of augmented reality technology in the application to district planning by meeting the requirements of district planning for visual-real interaction and man-machine interaction. This paper further describes visual-real registration technique based on computer vision and adopted by the system. Moreover, the results of system operation are given.

With the development of informationization and the separation between data management departments and application departments, spatial data sharing becomes one of the most important objectives for the spatial information infrastructure construction, and spatial metadata management system, data transmission security and data compression are the key technologies to realize spatial data sharing. This paper discusses the key technologies for metadata based on data interoperability, deeply researches the data compression algorithms such as adaptive Huffman algorithm, LZ77 and LZ78 algorithm, studies to apply digital signature technique to encrypt spatial data, which can not only identify the transmitter of spatial data, but also find timely whether the spatial data are sophisticated during the course of network transmission, and based on the analysis of symmetric encryption algorithms including 3DES,AES and asymmetric encryption algorithm - RAS, combining with HASH algorithm, presents a improved mix encryption method for spatial data. Digital signature technology and digital watermarking technology are also discussed. Then, a new solution of spatial data network distribution is put forward, which adopts three-layer architecture. Based on the framework, we give a spatial data network distribution system, which is efficient and safe, and also prove the feasibility and validity of the proposed solution.

Adopting the Web Service, Grid Computing and Semantic Web technologies, Geographic Information System (GIS) have got newly development in recent years. We first present the state of art of such technologies and their applying in GIS. Then we introduced the Pervasive Computing vision and analyses the possible way merging Semantic Grid Service and Pervasive computing, forming we called Pervasive Semantic Grid Service(PSGS). To help archive the Pervasive vision, we introduced the Geographic Overlaying Grid to mediate the pervasive devices and the beneath infrastructure. After that, we put the vision forward to see how GIS would influence our daily life in the future pervasive environment. We compared the concept of Digital Earth raised 8 years age and the Pervasive environment with Geographic Overlaying Grid and showed the difference between them. Finally, we point out that GIS can be "tick point" between the cyber space and the real physical space, helping people find their way "return" to real world from virtual cyber world.

According to concrete contents and characteristics of 3D geospatial information application field, a grid architecture fit for 3D geospatial information application is firstly proposed in the paper. With the service as the core, the system is designed as 6 layers in which each layer interrelated whose function includes 3D geospatial data access and integration, 3D geospatial data interoperability and 3D geospatial information services. Secondly, the author discussed 3D geospatial information service in grid environment and the key technology. Finally, GridVRMap of 3D geospatial information service grid is introduced.

With the coming of age of field spectroscopy as a non-destructive means to collect information on the physiology of vegetation, there is a need for storage of signatures, and, more importantly, their metadata. Without the proper organisation of metadata, the signatures itself become limited. In order to facilitate re-distribution of data, a database for the storage & distribution of hyperspectral signatures and their metadata was designed. The database was built using open-source software, and can be used by the hyperspectral community to share their data. Data is uploaded through a simple web-based interface. The database recognizes major file-formats by ASD, GER and International Spectronics. The database source code is available for download through the hyperspectral.info web domain, and we happily invite suggestion for additions & modification for the database to be submitted through the online forums on the same website.

The Combination of Geographic Information Services (GIServices) is studied in this paper. First, the way of GIServices combination is analyzed. Based on GIServices combination ways depicted by Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA), OpenGIS (OGC) Web Services Architecture and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 19119, GIServices combinations are classified into Discrete Service Combination, Chaining Service Combination and Hybrid Service Combination in this paper. Then, the model of GIServices combination is focused. A high-level GIServices combination model based on Petri Net is proposed to improve those proposed by former researchers. The proposed high-level model can represent services combination relationship more clearly and can help to control services combination behavior in an easier way. Since searching GIService that can accomplish certain GIS task is a key step of implementing GIServices combination, GIServices taxonomy is then studied. A multi-level task-oriented GIServices taxonomy is proposed in this paper. Correspondence between GIS tasks and GIServices can be established more easily with the proposed multi-level task-oriented GIServices taxonomy. Finally, a case study is made to support the proposed theories.

This paper researches on how to realize fast spatial resource discovery in distributed, heterogeneous Grid GIS environment. The characteristic of spatial data as multi-resource, huge volume, heterogeneous formats and time relativity decides that resource discovery in Grid environment is a very complex and exigent problem. Combining the central control with distributed management technology, this paper supposes a two-double resource discovery mechanism with both distributed resource catalog and dynamic hash table, which is just fit to the spatial data access characteristics that distributed in wide area but concentrated in local area. This method overcomes the single node bottleneck by setting up the dynamic service sections among middle layer metadata servers, and utilizes the improved DHT technology to route queries in high efficiency. With the new method, people multi-attribute resource discovery could be supported that not limited by the special keyword as P2P does. It is helpful to solve the spatial information discovery problem in complex environment, which could also enhance the extendibility and credibility of system.

Discrete global grid system (DGGS) is a promising data structure for global geo-referenced data sets based on regular, multi-resolution partitions of polyhedra. The equal-area DGGSs, however, have the important theoretical meaning and applied potential on large-scale remote sensing data processing and management. Besides the equal-area property, we should take the needs of different applications on topologies or geometric properties into consideration. So it is very difficult for us to develop a general and open equal-area DGGS generation algorithm both on theory and on practice. In this paper, we introduce a new general algorithm. First, it codes the vertexes and faces on an unfolded icosahedron. Then, it combines two triangle faces sharing the same edge into a quad and builds coordinates systems to describe the grid generated by different partitions. Lastly, it employs the Snyder equal area projection to project grids of different resolutions from plane to sphere. According to the characters of algorithm, we have designed a software model. By simulating exchange progress of network structure and data, it has strong calculation power. We can get different kinds of triangular, rhombic, and hexagonal DGGSs. The result of experiments proves that our algorithm and software model are flexible enough for complex applications.

The advent of web service technology promotes the development of GIS interoperability. However, limiting to the current web service technology, information still can not be exchanged and shared semantically, leading to find matched services difficultly or to discover numerously redundant results. In this paper, after analyzing current problems existing in geospatial web service, a semantic geospatial web service framework was put forward. Under this framework, geospatial web service ontology was depicted and the method of semantic description and discovery of geospatial web service was discussed in detail.

Data aggregation is a fatal for wireless routing in sensor networks, which combine data coming from different sources and routes, eliminates redundancy, minimizes the number of transmissions, and saves energy. We propose an in-cluster CISP (Collaborative Information and Signal Processing) method aim at dealing with spatiotemporal redundancy issue of irregular sample. This tradeoff of computation and communication energy consume for sensor network. As for stochastic deployment and dynamic topology of WSN, a distributed algorithm of Lift Scheme for de-correlation and multi-scale data aggregation approach is put forward. Then one middleware is implemented basing on it, which is proved valid with experiment for redundancy information reduction. This ubiquitous local algorithm not only decrease sharply the communication cost when transmitting information to cluster head with approximate information reserved, but also deals with the fundamental issue of spatiotemporal irregular samples.

Spatial data sharing among multiple GIS (Geographic Information System) platforms is a fundamental requirement of many GIS applications, yet conventional methods of spatial data interoperability don't adequately consider practical application circumstance, which now becomes a primary barrier to more efficient spatial data sharing among multiple GIS platforms. In this paper, after analyzing the disadvantages of conventional methods and the causation of the disadvantages, and analyzing the principle of spatial data access of ArcGIS, MapInfo and GeoStar based on Oracle Spatial storage, the authors propose a new spatial data interoperability method called Different meta information and Same spatial data Method. This method is based on Oracle Spatial, through which spatial data interoperability for multi-platform of GIS is available. The results of experiments demonstrate that this method is a new simple practical approach adapted for current application circumstance, and it provides us a new idea for spatial data interoperability.

Analyzing the characteristic of multi-Agent and geographic Ontology, The concept of the Agent-based Spatial Information Semantic Grid (ASISG) is defined and the architecture of the ASISG is advanced. ASISG is composed with Multi-Agents and geographic Ontology. The Multi-Agent Systems are composed with User Agents, General Ontology Agent, Geo-Agents, Broker Agents, Resource Agents, Spatial Data Analysis Agents, Spatial Data Access Agents, Task Execution Agent and Monitor Agent. The architecture of ASISG have three layers, they are the fabric layer, the grid management layer and the application layer. The fabric layer what is composed with Data Access Agent, Resource Agent and Geo-Agent encapsulates the data of spatial information system so that exhibits a conceptual interface for the Grid management layer. The Grid management layer, which is composed with General Ontology Agent, Task Execution Agent and Monitor Agent and Data Analysis Agent, used a hybrid method to manage all resources that were registered in a General Ontology Agent that is described by a General Ontology System. The hybrid method is assembled by resource dissemination and resource discovery. The resource dissemination push resource from Local Ontology Agent to General Ontology Agent and the resource discovery pull resource from the General Ontology Agent to Local Ontology Agents. The Local Ontology Agent is derived from special domain and describes the semantic information of local GIS. The nature of the Local Ontology Agents can be filtrated to construct a virtual organization what could provides a global scheme. The virtual organization lightens the burdens of guests because they need not search information site by site manually. The application layer what is composed with User Agent, Geo-Agent and Task Execution Agent can apply a corresponding interface to a domain user. The functions that ASISG should provide are: 1) It integrates different spatial information systems on the semantic The Grid management layer establishes a virtual environment that integrates seamlessly all GIS notes. 2) When the resource management system searches data on different spatial information systems, it transfers the meaning of different Local Ontology Agents rather than access data directly. So the ability of search and query can be said to be on the semantic level. 3) The data access procedure is transparent to guests, that is, they could access the information from remote site as current disk because the General Ontology Agent could automatically link data by the Data Agents that link the Ontology concept to GIS data. 4) The capability of processing massive spatial data. Storing, accessing and managing massive spatial data from TB to PB; efficiently analyzing and processing spatial data to produce model, information and knowledge; and providing 3D and multimedia visualization services. 5) The capability of high performance computing and processing on spatial information. Solving spatial problems with high precision, high quality, and on a large scale; and process spatial information in real time or on time, with high-speed and high efficiency. 6) The capability of sharing spatial resources. The distributed heterogeneous spatial information resources are Shared and realizing integrated and inter-operated on semantic level, so as to make best use of spatial information resources,such as computing resources, storage devices, spatial data (integrating from GIS, RS and GPS), spatial applications and services, GIS platforms, 7) The capability of integrating legacy GIS system. A ASISG can not only be used to construct new advanced spatial application systems, but also integrate legacy GIS system, so as to keep extensibility and inheritance and guarantee investment of users. 8) The capability of collaboration. Large-scale spatial information applications and services always involve different departments in different geographic places, so remote and uniform services are needed. 9) The capability of supporting integration of heterogeneous systems. Large-scale spatial information systems are always synthetically applications, so ASISG should provide interoperation and consistency through adopting open and applied technology standards. 10) The capability of adapting dynamic changes. Business requirements, application patterns, management strategies, and IT products always change endlessly for any departments, so ASISG should be self-adaptive. Two examples are provided in this paper, those examples provide a detailed way on how you design your semantic grid based on Multi-Agent systems and Ontology. In conclusion, the semantic grid of spatial information system could improve the ability of the integration and interoperability of spatial information grid.

With the development of Web Services, GIServices are gaining popularity in many geospatial applications. Although many studies on Web Service security has been done, the security issue of GIServices is still serious because of the specialties of GIS applications. In this paper, based on security principles of Web Services, we propose two methods to enhance GIService security. One is access control which includes spatial limitation, map scale limitation and temporal limitation, the other is encryption. With these extensions, GIServices can provide various geospatial functions in a more safely way.

A growing number of Web services, including more and more geospatial Web services, are becoming available to public, but it is difficult to find them and to judge whether they could be used in combination with other services on the Web .It is caused by the fact that conventional service descriptions fall short in capturing the semantics of services. In this paper, we firstly identify the possible problems that can result from such semantically heterogeneous descriptions during service composition. Then we present a method of ontology-based annotation to enrich service descriptions of geospatial Web services. The method allows for much more expressive descriptions than WSDL and can be used to semantically enable geospatial services discovery and composition.

The watershed transform is powerful for image segmentation and has been successfully utilized in many different computer vision applications. It can always produce a complete division of the image. However it does not take into account of the prior information about the segmentation task. Another drawback of the watershed transform is over- segment or under segment, which means that the input image is divided into too many meaningless small areas or divided into too few large areas. In this paper, the authors have proposed a method which enables the introduction of prior information in the segmenting process. The prior information about the extracted objects is used to carry out multi-scale watershed. The multi-scale watershed consists of two main parts. The first is to build the scale space. The second is to integrate the segment result at each scale with the help of prior information to obtain the final segmented result. The final result is better than the result obtained in each scale alone. The proposed approach was tested on remote sensing image, and the results are compared with other image segmenting methods.

The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) set up a series of web service specifications to implement geospatial data interoperation and processing in web environments. Ajax refers to the technology that incorporates JavaScript, XHTML and CSS, DOM, XML and XSLT, and XMLHttpRequest to create quick-responding web applications in distributed web environments. It can efficiently interpret and process XML file, and balance the load between the web server and the client side. OGC web services integrated with Ajax engine is able to realize data sharing and interoperation of huge amount of spatial information. This paper innovatively brings forward an approach to encapsulate WMS, WFS and WCS operations into separate classes. These classes embody the abstract class of Ajax and realize the asynchronous process of data communication. Then the method of designing Ajax engine is discussed. And an OGC Web Service Model based on Ajax engine is built with the description of its application process. Two examples then are given: one is retrieving remote sensing image from TerraServer using WMS; and the other one is retrieving spatial data from a web database using WFS. And the examples demonstrated the superiority of Ajax based OGC Web Services.

Image data services has been widely applied in location-based services Web-based for its visually expression. At present, owing to the network multi-user access, transmission bandwidth and the massive image data, how to efficiently transmit the multi-resolution images is the key to achieve the images services in the network environment. After analyzing the traditional multi-resolution image data organization, a data organization based on the tree model is proposed in this paper. Then the paper discusses how to get sub-blocks and compress the image data through the tree model, then perform the dynamic transmit stratification according to the network access bandwidth. Achieve the multi-resolution progressive transmission on network with non-repetition data. Finally, an experiment is presented. The result of experiment shows the progressive transmission of multi-resolution image data.

Mobile GIS, a novel intercross research field integrating modern mobile computing techniques with geographic information science, has attracted more and more researchers in developing and deploying new techniques in mobile GIS. Efficiently exploiting the limited resources of mobile device, treating and manipulating geographic data using a uniform data model, and guaranteeing the dataset quality from field data collecting, require an appropriate mobile GIS architecture and an efficient underlying spatial data engine support. In this paper, we discuss the popular architectures of mobile GIS and present our approach: Embedded Lightweight Spatial Data Engine, named ELSDE. With efficient integration of embedded RDBMS, spatial index framework, binary topological predicates and the OpenGIS simple feature data model, ELSDE can provide a robust underlying spatial database like support for various higher-level mobile GIS applications.

Abstract-An approach of constructing a data node in spatial information grid (SIG) based on Web Service Resource Framework (WSRF) and Web Service Notification (WSN) is described in this paper. Attentions are paid to construct and implement SIG's resource layer, which is the most important part. A study on this layer find out, it is impossible to require persistent interaction with the clients of the services in common SIG architecture because of inheriting "stateless" and "not persistent" limitations of Web Service. A WSRF/WSN-based data node is designed to hurdle this short comes. Three different access modes are employed to test the availability of this node. Experimental results demonstrate this service node can successfully respond to standard OGC requests and returns specific spatial data in different network environment, also is stateful, dynamic and persistent.

The Web Map Server Implementation Specification (WMS), originally developed and published by the Open Geospatial Consortium, was finally adopted by ISO as an international standard. According to this standard maps are presented either in "picture" formats or "graphic element" formats. While the pictorial (visual) representation uses raster formats, graphic element formats include Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) or Web Computer Graphics Metafile (WebCGM) format. In this paper a framework for supporting Web Map Services using SVG will be presented. Geo-data, converted to SVG, is stored in a database management system, retrieved by the WMS server upon user request and transferred - optionally compressed - through the Internet. Finally it is visualized in Web browsers on desktop computes or mobile devices, natively or using plug-ins extending the browser's functionality. Besides supporting the WMS request GetCapabilities, GetMap and GetFeatureInfo requests, additional formats and extensions have been included in this framework. The development proves that open, XML-based standards in combination with modern programming languages and integrated development environments allow rapid implementation of recommendations and standards in geo-informatics.

Geographic information sharing and interoperability have been one of the critical problems for geospatial-related applications. For the present, web service is accepted broadly as the best approach for geographic information sharing and interoperability on Internet. The paper mainly describes the framework of the web service-based method, and discusses the technologies and steps involved in the implementation of the method.

The difficulties and hotspots researched in current virtual geographic environment (VGE) are sharing space and multiusers operation, distributed coordination and group decision-making. The theories and technologies of MAS provide a brand-new environment for analysis, design and realization of distributed opening system. This paper takes cooperation among virtual human in VGE which multi-user participate in as main researched object. First we describe theory foundation truss of VGE, and present the formalization description of Multi-Agent System (MAS). Then we detailed analyze and research arithmetic of collectivity operating behavior learning of virtual human based on best held Genetic Algorithm(GA), and establish dynamics action model which Multi-Agents and object interact dynamically and colony movement strategy. Finally we design a example which shows how 3 evolutional Agents cooperate to complete the task of colony pushing column box, and design a virtual world prototype of virtual human pushing box collectively based on V-Realm Builder 2.0, moreover we make modeling and dynamic simulation with Simulink 6.

This paper presents a software development approach to customize the GIS software ArcGIS (by ESRI) for spatial decision support. For the case study, example data of the Queme catchment in Benin (Africa) is used to program such a system which will be used to plan the establishment of potential small water reservoirs. Therefore, a new user menu in ArcGIS is introduced which allows (i) the integration of available GIS data from geo-databases, (ii) the easy application of spatial analyses by using implemented expert knowledge, and (iii) the automatic production of maps and reports for potential locations. To fulfil these requirements, the developer software Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) in combination with the ArcObjects library is used as the programming environment. ArcGIS comes with a VBA interface and with the above-mentioned library. Therefore, the software engineer is able to create a comprehensive and user friendly system for spatial decision support which includes numerous analyses tools of ArcGIS. Additionally, various user views can be realized basing on the same platform. First preliminary results show the potential capability of the above-described approach and justify the usage of the ArcGIS software to create spatial decision support systems.

In 2004, the Geography Markup Language (GML) Implementation Specification (version 3.1.1) was published by Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. Now more and more applications in geospatial data sharing and interoperability depend on GML. The primary purpose of designing GML is for exchange and transportation of geo-information by standard modeling and encoding of geography phenomena. However, the problems of how to organize and access lots of GML data effectively arise in applications. The research on GML database focuses on these problems. The effective storage of GML data is a hot topic in GIS communities today. GML Database Management System (GDBMS) mainly deals with the problem of storage and management of GML data. Now two types of XML database, namely Native XML Database, and XML-Enabled Database are classified. Since GML is an application of the XML standard to geographic data, the XML database system can also be used for the management of GML. In this paper, we review the status of the art of XML database, including storage, index and query languages, management systems and so on, then move on to the GML database. At the end, the future prospect of GML database in GIS application is presented.

This article sets forth the principle and methodology for implementing spatial database management system (DBMS) by using open source object-relational DBMS - PostgreSQL. The geospatial data model and spatial analysis and processing operations for spatial objects and datasets can be inserted into the DBMS by extended SQL. To implement the statistics analysis embedded in spatial DBMS, an open source statistical program R is introduced to extend the capability of the spatial DBMS. R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. There is a large sum of statistical methods in the form of packages in R. Many classical and modern spatial statistical techniques are implemented in R environment. PL/R is a loadable procedural language containing most of the capabilities in R language which is extensible and enables user to write DBMS functions and triggers in R language. Therefore, the PL/R will extend its capability of spatial statistics and geostatistics when the two kinds of packages are loaded into R language. The PL/R can be extended without limit so that any new method of statistics analysis embedded into the spatial DBMS becomes very convenient.

With the development of earth observation technology provides more geo-information, a large amount of spatial data with different format can be obtained through the Internet. So in the construction of spatial data infrastructure and digital earth, how to effectively utilize and integrate the spatial information to fulfill the need of people from different departments and fields in the distributed environment is an important issue. Based on the web coverage service specification provided by OGC, a new coverage data service architecture including multi raster data source(MRDS), raster data engine(RDE), raster transfer object (RTO), raster business object(RBO), WCS business object (WBO), WCS business interface (WBI) and WCS Facade (WF)is put forward, which can effectively publish many kinds of imagery and DEM data, which cab be deployed in distributed network environment, published through a unified map definition file and implemented GetCapabilities, DescribeCoverage and GetCoverage interface. Some key technologies including GML coverage profile process and multi WCS combination are described in detail. Finally, a client which could get imagery and DEM data from Web coverage Service for 3D visualization is designed and implemented. It is proven a feasibility way that Web 3D rendering by means of integration of multi Web Coverage service.

Augmented Reality (AR) is the overlay of virtual computer graphics images on real world objects, and has many potential applications in industrial operations and academic research. First, this paper discusses the method of camera calibration. ARToolKit provides two calibration approaches: Two Step Calibration Approach and One Step Calibration Approach. Two Step Calibration Approach is more difficult to use, but results in better accuracy (better for 3D measurement). We used ARToolKit's two step method to calibrate our camera. Next, the paper addresses the method of spatial analysis of augmented reality system, data model of spatial analysis, data modeling of 3D pipelines, and the mathematical model of coordinate conversion of 3D pipeline networks. Then, the paper discusses the data structures of underground pipelines. The data structures of underground pipelines include spatial data structure, attribute data structure, and sense data structure. We implemented the display of 3D pipelines in augmented reality, augmented visualization of 3D pipelines based on ARToolKit, information query and spatial buffer analysis of 3D pipelines. Finally, the paper discusses the framework of underground pipeline augmented reality system based on ARToolKit. A hybrid registration based on electronic compass and inclinometer, and a position based on RTK GPS and INS in outdoor AR system are presented. The hardware configuration and software framework of the system and data processing workflow of the combined system are given.

Data sharing and interoperability were the inherent request of GIS. Three ways of data sharing that were data format conversion, data interoperability and direct data access had many shortcomings respectively. So we presented a new framework of data sharing and interoperability named Spatial Data Memory Engine (SDME) in this paper. It introduced different data of multi-formats, multi-systems and several spatial database engines into the memory container, created a memory database, and established a unified data structure which eliminated the differences of all spatial data. This made heterogeneous spatial data homogeneous, distributed spatial data localization, which enable different data to have the unified and transparent structure to all GIS users. We employed the memory dispatch policy of "layered vertically, grided horizontally" to resolve the contradiction between increasing spatial data and the limited memory, used incremental transmission mechanism to realize data synchronization, and gave three ways to handle the different user's conflicts. We also achieved file-based multi-users concurrent accessing by SDME. An example was given to illustrate the superiority of SDME at the end of this paper. In fact, SDME was a thorough unified framework of data sharing and raised the theory of spatial data sharing and interoperability to a new height.

Integrating multiple theme data associated with the spatial data must consider specific domain knowledge and models that are often characterized by complex features. The paper discusses how to depict complex features with favored markup languages to realize a web-wide interoperability. Four data sets are selected for the implementation: basic spatial data, traffic load, road emission, and demographic data.

The availability of spatial web services enables data sharing among managers, decision and policy makers and other stakeholders in much simpler ways than before and subsequently has created completely new opportunities in the process of spatial decision making. Though generally designed for a certain problem domain, web-services-based spatial decision support systems (WSDSS) can provide a flexible problem-solving environment to explore the decision problem, understand and refine problem definition, and generate and evaluate multiple alternatives for decision. This paper presents a new framework for the development of a web-services-based spatial decision support system. The WSDSS is comprised of distributed web services that either have their own functions or provide different geospatial data and may reside in different computers and locations. WSDSS includes six key components, namely: database management system, catalog, analysis functions and models, GIS viewers and editors, report generators, and graphical user interfaces. In this study, the architecture of a web-services-based spatial decision support system to facilitate nuclear waste siting is described as an example. The theoretical, conceptual and methodological challenges and issues associated with developing web services-based spatial decision support system are described.

Through introducing OGC specifications, the system structure of water resources information portal platform is discussed, the key technology and developing plan of WebGIS based on OGC specifications are brought up, a specific developing process and method are provided, and the WebGIS system is established; Meanwhile, the WebGIS system seamless integration into water resources information portal platform is realized by using eXo portal technology. It well solved the problem how to combine two different kinds information pattern of information portal platform and WebGIS, and enhanced the functions of information portal platform further more. Finally, the experimentation indicated that the pattern of integrating WebGIS and the water resources information portal platform could meet the water conservancy application demand basically.

Motivated by the increasing accessibility of technology, more and more spatial data are being made digitally available. How to extract the valuable knowledge from these large (spatial) databases is becoming increasingly important to businesses, as well. It is essential to be able to analyze and utilize these large datasets, convert them into useful knowledge, and transmit them through GIS-enabled instruments and the Internet, conveying the key information to business decision-makers effectively and benefiting business entities. In this research, we combine the techniques of GIS, spatial decision support system (SDSS), spatial data mining (SDM), and ArcGIS Server to achieve the following goals: (1) integrate databases from spatial and non-spatial datasets about the locations of businesses in Taipei, Taiwan; (2) use the association rules, one of the SDM methods, to extract the knowledge from the integrated databases; and (3) develop a Web-based SDSS GIService as a location-selection tool for business by the product of ArcGIS Server.

Because of lacking modern information management and long-term planning, many serious problems, including environment, ecology, production and so forth, are found in Chinese large-scale, mid-scale and small-scale mining areas. GIS (Geographic Information System) can efficiently show its vital energies in problem solving, and which mainly depends on its powerful spatial analysis, decision-making and mass data storage and management ability. In this paper, we take large-scale mining area as an example to study GIS decision-making support, synthesis management platform applied mining area. According to characteristics of the large-scale mining area, we put forward a plan for GIS platform of information management and long-term planning of mining area: the platform is divided into decision support subsystem and the community synthesis management subsystem. The former includes following items: (1) Site selection, which is mainly for site selection of industrial production, commercial run and residential area; (2) Monitoring of reclaimed land and ecology, which is mainly for destructed field surface and subsurface of the mining area because of coal mining; (3) The synthesis management system of green mining, mainly for safety, efficiency and environment protection. The later, community synthesis management subsystem mainly includes: the community synthesis information subsystem and the public urgent predetermined planning subsystem. At last, some problems and shortages are analyzed in the system construction of the large-scale mining area.

The integration of OA, business examining and approving procedure and spatial data operations has been a long-term difficulty for the various land resources management information systems which are developed based on the single computer mode or C/S mode. This article proposes a method of developing a land resources e-government system based on the concept of platform development, emphatically discusses, under the support of the land resources e-government platform, the implementation mechanism of spatial data services during the business examining and approving procedure based on B/S structure, and then test the feasibility by taking the prejudication procedure of the construction land in the land resources plan of Dongguan as an example.

The increments of high-resolution remote sensing data about Digital Earth and the distributed data among heterogeneous remote sites have brought challenges to processing remote sensing data effectively. Traditional models of distributed computing are inadequate to support such complex applications. Agent technology provides a new method for understanding the features of distributed system and solving distributed application problems. This paper proposes a model for distributed remote sensing data processing based on agent grid. This model makes use of grid to discover, compose, utilize and deploy agents, process distributed image data, and image-processing algorithms. "Agents Group" mode is used in the model to manage all the agents distributed in the grid, which consists of one or more agents to accomplish automatic and dynamic configuration of distributed image data resources and to efficiently support ondemand image processing in distributed environment. The model, framework and implementation of prototype are reported in this paper.

The intention of this paper is to characterize the customizable data service for location based services (LBS) in municipal GIS projects and to devise a customizable data synchronous model for servicing both spatial data and business dependent data. The customizable data service analysis aims to get a set of strategies that employs HTTPS, GPS, GPRS, WEB Service technologies and SMS platform to synchronous the data on the user's device with the data in the control center of the municipal GIS according to the user's requirement in specific businesses. A prototype given in this paper offers a practical solution to solve the customizable data synchronous problem for LBS, and the implementation of this system is proved to be successful.

No matter how much complicated Chinese query sentences may be, they are always made up of query targets, query conditions and grouping segments. The query targets are often at the tail of a sentence or behind the interrogative word. As a result, to comprehend a query sentence, the first step is to get the query targets, and then extraction the query conditions and grouping segments from the rest information of the sentence. The Semantic-analyzing of the query target, query condition and grouping are researched and some corresponding algorithms are presented in this paper. Some groups of Chinese query sentences of different structure be tested, which show that these algorithms are feasible and effective. They are worth further researched.

Geographic Information Science (GIS) has provided the methodological and technical supports for modeling and simulation in the geographical domain. However, research methods on building complex simulations in which agents behave and interact in discrete time and space are lacking. The existing simulation systems/software are application-oriented and do not provide a theoretical (conceptual) view. The simulation theories and methods that exist do not incorporate spatial issues, which are the key to linking GIS with simulation theory and practice. This paper introduces a method for developing a conceptual theoretical framework for a spatial simulation system which can potentially be integrated with GIS. Firstly, based on classical discrete event simulation and fresh agent technology, a simulation theory is proposed, which is represented by a conceptual simulation model using UML-based visual syntax. In this theoretical framework, spatial issues including spatial setting, spatial constraints, spatial effects and spatial awareness are emphasized. Next, a testing scenario in the microscopic traffic simulation domain is set up to examine the feasibility of the simulation philosophy. Finally, the method is evaluated from the aspects of feasibility, uncertainty and applicability.

Supported by spatial information grid(SIG), the spatial knowledge grid (SKG) for integrated spatial analysis utilizes the middleware technology in constructing the spatial information grid computation environment and spatial information service system, develops spatial entity oriented spatial data organization technology, carries out the profound computation of the spatial structure and spatial process pattern on the basis of Grid GIS infrastructure, spatial data grid and spatial information grid (specialized definition). At the same time, it realizes the complex spatial pattern expression and the spatial function process simulation by taking the spatial intelligent agent as the core to establish space initiative computation. Moreover through the establishment of virtual geographical environment with man-machine interactivity and blending, complex spatial modeling, network cooperation work and spatial community decision knowledge driven are achieved. The framework of SKG is discussed systematically in this paper. Its implement flow and the key technology with examples of overlay analysis are proposed as well.

In this paper, we make wavelet analysis of the moving object trajectory to discover some motion patterns locally and globally. Particularly, the trajectory is represented with a sequence of spatial coordinates over time. Boundary extension is made previously for meeting the mathematical preconditions of wavelet transformations. The spatial point, composed of coordinates x and y, is regarded as a function of time. After a wavelet transformation of the moving object trajectory, the wavelet coefficients of modulus maxima are selected for identifying sudden speed-changing points. Further, we make a cubic spline interpolation of pseudo-modulus maxima wavelet coefficients for reducing the error of the reconstructed motion trajectory. Some experimental results have shown that motion maintenance and trajectory generalization are achieved through wavelet analysis of the moving object trajectory.

Based on a practical project and urban police professional work requirements, this paper has offered a solution for constructing the police spatial information decision support systems based on COM GIS technologies. According to the principles of software engineering, the systems development work contains the general system structure design, data requirements design, system function design, software interface design as well as the systems function realization methods. The main software technologies used in the systems development contain the spatial database, COM GIS, Web GIS, Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O), and Police Decision Analysis Modeling technologies. In order to illustrate the basic principles and methods for the systems development, the realization process and relevant sample codes for crime case precaution function component has been described in the paper as an example for integrating GIS functions with police professional work models by using VC and VB developing tools. The realized systems function interfaces have also been offered in the paper for displaying the real effects of the systems. The development practice has proved that the COM GIS technology is very suitable for integrating police professional work models with GIS functions.

This paper studies the methods of large-scale CAD-based data acquiring, data transforming between CAD data and GIS data, date updating in database. A file format called SIF (Spatial Information format) is designed for transforming data format, which is represented by XML. Based on the arithmetic for addition acquiring and addition updating, a large-scale data transferring and updating system is developed with ArcEngine fund on the project of Hi-tech Zone Infrastructure GIS (HiGIS) in ChangZhou, and there are 308 blocks of 1:2000 maps in ChangZhou have been done experiment on transferring and updating, which realizes the spatial data sharing between CAD and GIS.

The change of desertification and its driving mechanism in Mu-Us region in the past 20 years were analyzed by means of using Landsat images in three different periods and the data of meteorology. The results showed that in the past 20 years, the desertification in Mu-Us sandy land had decreased and the cover of vegetation had increased correspondingly. The change of NDVI in Mu-Us sandy land in the past 20 years demonstrated the results of vegetation coverage increasing. The driving mechanism analysis showed that rainfall and temperature are the key factors of meteorology and the increasing of forest and farmland demonstrated the influence of man-made factor.

Nonpoint source pollutants are mainly carried over land and into stream networks by surface runoff, and how to simulate surface runoff is the key to determining the loads of nonpoint source pollutants. The volume of surface runoff is chiefly controlled by climates, topographical characteristics and types of land use of the watershed. Five subwatersheds that can represent the whole watershed are chosen and their average annual precipitation, average annual surface runoff and percent land use are calculated respectively in the grid model of Wujiang River watershed based on climatic and hydrological data from 1965 to 2000 and land use data of 2000. The surface runoff is assumed to be a function of precipitation and land use and the multiple regression tool is used to determine the relationship between surface runoff, precipitation and percent land use. Thus the rainfall-runoff model for each land use type is built respectively. When calibrating these models, the result shows that the percent errors are all below 7%, which indicates that the accuracy of this simulation is high.

Public participation is an integral part of legislation or decision making processes. Traditionally, public participation took place through face-to-face encounters such as public meetings and other fora. However, some important factors limiting the efficiency and effectiveness of this mode of public participation include: geographic separation of participants, scheduling and financial constraints in attending meetings, and limited duration of meetings. These led to the awareness that public participation requires new methods in order to achieve a better democratic decision making. On the other hand, GIS has in the past been accused of being an elitist technology, giving more power to those people already possessing it and depriving those, namely the general public, who more often lack such direct forms of information access. Public participation GIS (PPGIS) is emerging as a distinct subset of two previously separate activities: technology-based spatial analysis and participatory democracy. The paper considers both traditional methods and Internet-based technologies of public participation and argues that new Internet-based technologies have the potential to widen participation by using online spatial decision support systems. GIS and the Internet can be used together to provide the general public with a powerful mechanism for becoming more involved in decision problems. Provision of full access to spatial and non-spatial data, along with the appropriate tools with which to use it, may greatly empower the general public. PPGIS focuses on engaging the public to participate and become involved in a particular subject of interest. It empowers GIS users from all walks of life and enabling them to use the technology purposefully to capture their local knowledge and advance their goals. In the project of public participatory Ontario nuclear waste siting, we focused on developing an Internet based PPGIS prototype to help the public to participate online from inception to the final phase of site decision-making. It shows that in certain siting problems and policy formulation processes, participatory online systems are a useful means of implementing public participation through informing and engaging the public to participate in spatial decision making. Web based PPGIS can involve more participants and higher degree of participation among experts, officials and the pblic than traditional means.

The working group for GIS and Remote Sensing at the Department of Geography at the University of Cologne has established a WebGIS called CampusGIS of the University of Cologne. The overall task of the CampusGIS is the connection of several existing databases at the University of Cologne with spatial data. These existing databases comprise data about staff, buildings, rooms, lectures, and general infrastructure like bus stops etc. These information were yet not linked to their spatial relation. Therefore, a GIS-based method is developed to link all the different databases to spatial entities. Due to the philosophy of the CampusGIS, an online-GUI is programmed which enables users to search for staff, buildings, or institutions. The query results are linked to the GIS database which allows the visualization of the spatial location of the searched entity. This system was established in 2005 and is operational since early 2006. In this contribution, the focus is on further developments. First results of (i) including routing services in, (ii) programming GUIs for mobile devices for, and (iii) including infrastructure management tools in the CampusGIS are presented. Consequently, the CampusGIS is not only available for spatial information retrieval and orientation. It also serves for on-campus navigation and administrative management.

Forest is a finite resource and fire prevention is crucial work. However, once a forest fire or accident occurs, timely and effective fire-fighting is the only necessary measure. The aim of this research is to build a computerized command control system based on WEBGIS to direct fire-fighting. Firstly, this paper introduces the total technique flow and functional modules of the system. Secondly, this paper analyses the key techniques for building the system, and they are data obtaining, data organizing & management, architecture of WebGIS and sharing & interoperation technique. In the end, this paper demonstrates the on line martial symbol editing function to show the running result of system. The practical application of this system showed that it played very important role in the forest fire fighting work. In addition, this paper proposes some strategic recommendations for the further development of the system.

River runoff is highly related to the precipitation events and the land use characteristics. It is an important component in the hydrologic cycle because of its relationship to issues such as flood and water quantity. The Oak Ridge Moraine (ORM) Area, Southern Ontario has always been faced with the impacts of extreme hydrological events. Flood not only has an impact on the ORM economical, social well-being and particularly public safety, but also exacerbates major environmental problems. Prediction of flood is a complex system of which involves variable factors including climate condition, basin attributes, land use/cover types and ground water discharge. The application of flood prediction model requires the efficient management of large spatial and temporal datasets, which involves data acquisition, storage, and processing, as well as manipulation, reporting and display results. The complexity of flood prediction makes it difficult for individual organization to deal effectively with decision-making. Difficulty in linking data, analysis tools and models across organization is one of the barriers to be overcome in developing integrated river runoff and flood risks prediction system. Therefore, it is required to develop a standardized framework for Web-based Collaborative Decision Support Services (WCDSS), supporting information exchange and knowledge and model sharing from different organizations on the web. Such a WCDSS supply both metadata services, geo-data services and geo-processing services to help collaborative decision-making, not only support distributed data sharing and services, but also support distributed model sharing and services. This paper develop a WCDSS that provides a comprehensive environment for on-line river runoff and flood risk prediction, integrating information retrieval, analysis and model analysis for information sharing and decision-making support. Such a SDSS will improve understanding of the environmental, planning and management issues and emergency management and response associated with the ORM's water environment, and to develop sustainable solutions.

Nitrogen (N) is one of the main factors affecting environmental pollution. In recent years, non-point source pollution and water body eutrophication have become increasing concerns for both scientists and the policy-makers. In order to assess the environmental hazard of soil total N pollution, a typical ecological unit was selected as the experimental site. This paper showed that Box-Cox transformation achieved normality in the data set, and dampened the effect of outliers. The best theoretical model of soil total N was a Gaussian model. Spatial variability of soil total N at NE60° and NE150° directions showed that it had a strip anisotropic structure. The ordinary kriging estimate of soil total N concentration was mapped. The spatial distribution pattern of soil total N in the direction of NE150° displayed a strip-shaped structure. Kriging standard deviations (KSD) provided valuable information that will increase the accuracy of total N mapping. The probability kriging method is useful to assess the hazard of N pollution by providing the conditional probability of N concentration exceeding the threshold value, where we found soil total N>2.0g/kg. The probability distribution of soil total N will be helpful to conduct hazard assessment, optimal fertilization, and develop management practices to control the non-point sources of N pollution.

Using the theory and method of expert system, this paper explores the knowledge type, knowledge expression, knowledge acquirement, basic controlling strategy and realization algorithm of inference engine in intelligent universal land evaluation system, all of which are based on analyzing the specialty flow of land grading and evaluation. It also creates a land evaluation system based on expert's knowledge, which could solve traditional problems of evaluation system in less of universality, flexibility and intelligent ability.

It has been widely recognized that spatialization of census data is of great significance to implement the interdisciplinary research in population, resource and environment. By means of associating census data with geographical factors such as urban land and rural habitation that intimately tie up with population distribution, adopting revised areal interpolation to extract sample points of census data base, and utilizing trend surface analysis of Kernel to research spatialization of census data, a grid model of census data (GMCD) that lies in the practical population distribution namely the location of habitation are put forward to spatialize census data. Taking Hubei province as study area, data input collected in the year of 2000, including the Landsat/TM images, the fifth national population census data and administrative division data of Hubei province. Application of GMCD simulates regularities of population spatial distribution of Hubei province in 2000, and implements the three dimensional model to represent population density. Study findings indicate that this model can improve accuracy for spatializing census data efficiently. With National Scientific Data Sharing Project (NSDSP) sharing multi-period land use and census data in different scales, this method can be definitely generalized for its simplify and convenience to spatialize census data.

Tobacco enterprise is a special enterprise, which has strong correlation to regional geography. But in the past research and application, the combination between tobacco and GIS is limited to use digital maps to assist cigarette distribution. How to comprehensively import 3S technique taking GIS as representation to construct spatial decision support system of tobacco enterprise is the main research aspect in this paper. The paper concretely analyzes the GIS requirements in tobacco enterprise for planning location of production, monitoring production management and product sale at the beginning. Then holistic solution is presented and frame design for tobacco enterprise spatial decision is given. At last the example of tobacco enterprise spatial CRM (client relation management) system is set up.

The implementation of spatial operator is a core set of spatial data operation in a Geographic Information System (GIS). And the implementation of spatial operators whether in desktop GIS or in mobile GIS, it would need to construct an effective and robust topological relation model. A novel model based on label was presented to solve the implementation of spatial operator in this paper. The implementation of spatial operator based on label is effective not only for geometry objects with same dimensions but also for geometry objects with different dimensions such as clip operator. Different spatial operators can be finished by different label's definition. The application results in the project show that the method is feasible and robust.

Spatial data mining is a process of discovering interesting, novel, and potentially useful information or knowledge hidden in spatial data sets. It involves different techniques and different methods from various areas of research. A Bayesian network is a graphical model that encodes causal probabilistic relationships among variables of interest, which has a powerful ability for representing and reasoning and provides an effective way to spatial data mining. In this paper we give an introduction to Bayesian networks, and discuss using Bayesian networks for spatial data mining. We propose a framework of spatial data mining based on Bayesian networks. Then we show a case study and use the experimental results to validate the practical viability of the proposed approach to spatial data mining. Finally, the paper gives a summary and some remarks.

A study on Spatialization of Social Economic Statistic Data has a high scientific value for the establishment of land sustainable use assessment model. After summarizing the existent methods of social economic statistic data spatialization and analyzing the GDP spatialization, the author proposes a new spatialization method for GDP. With remote sensing and GIS technique supported, such method is based on the land use types, integrated with spatial method of GDP data with area weightiness and counter-distance weighted method. Finally, based on the spatialization method for GDP mentioned above, the GDP data of Shaoguan city (Guangdong Province, China) was spatialized, and a good effect was obtained. The method presented in this paper can reflect the situation of economic distribution very well. This method of spatialization of social economic statistic data has an important practically meaning.

Aimed at the background of development of digital urban planning, the paper analyzed the demand of sharing digital urban planning information. It was pointed out that sharing digital urban panning information is the necessity of information society development. The technical characteristics and application models of WebGIS were analyzed according to the trends of information technology development. The system structure and function components of the application system for sharing digital urban planning information were discussed and designed based on WebGIS environment. Taking information sharing for general urban planning of Beijing as an example, the WebGIS application system for sharing digital urban planning information was studied and developed. Two results were summarized in the end of the paper.

In recent years with the fast development of electronic charts marking, how to design and implement a flexible and complete marking system on electronic chart is very important and urgent. Aiming at the shortcomings of existent chart marking system, this paper provides a good solution and implements an electronic chart marking system. Firstly the design concepts and framework of the marking system are introduced. Then several kinds of key techniques including drawing of the chart marks, organization and management of marking data, integration of marking system and other electronic chart system are described in detail. Based on the above theories and methods, a system named HYECMS is developed and obtained application in Tianjin Marine Bureau.

This paper analyzes the necessity of the application of WebGIS in CATV basic network. There was almost no research in using WebGIS to manage CATV basic network data in China. This paper briefly introduces how to construct an integrated transaction management system of CATV basic network based on WebGIS, and it forms a database of pivotal points, lines and buildings. CATV basic network based on WebGIS has very great superiority to traditional GIS, anybody can visit the system in anyplace by wired or wireless connection. Therefore it can satisfy the managers who want to query information about network, equipment and customers or response on. In this way the routine network and equipment maintenance becomes easily and fleetly. But WebGIS also has bottle-necks such as vector graphic editing. The editing of vector graphic and attribute play important roles in GIS, especially in CATV basic network management, because equipment, cable and fiber-optic change frequently. This paper develops Zhejiang Jiangshan broadcasting and TV station geographic information system on the basis of ArcIMS platform, and making use of the capability of reading and writing spatial data of ArcSDE to solve vector graphic editing problem.

It is foundation and key of developing GIS platforms of new generation to study the network-oriented massive spatial and spatio-temporal data model. But the research has met many difficulties. The paper combines two models of massive spatial data and spatio-temporal data seemed to be independent to study together in theory and technique. On the base of analyzing the limitations of present geographical spatial data model and spatio-temporal data model, a new model with characteristics of new generation's GIS platform, that is, Feature-Oriented Massive Spatio-temporal Object Tree (FOMSOT) with four-tier architectures is presented. The FOMSOT breaks down the constraint of map layer. It can deal with the massive spatio-temporal data better. The dynamic multi-base state with amendment (DMSA), fast index of base state with amendment in section, storage factors of variable granularity (SFVG) are used in FOMSOT which can manage the massive spatio-temporal data in high efficiency. A prototype "LyranMap" of new generation's GIS platform with the theory and technical method of FOMSOT has been realized, and it has been used in some application systems, for example, the land planning system "LandPlanner", land investigation system "LandExplorer" and land cadastral system "LandReGIS". These verify the correctness and effectiveness of the FOMSOT.

In this paper we discuss spatial data and knowledge base (SDKB) gateway portals developed by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Our vision is to generate and/or facilitate easy and free access to state-of-art SDKB of excellence globally. Our mission is to make SDKB accessible online, globally, for free. The IWMI data storehouse pathway (IWMIDSP; http://www.iwmidsp.org) is a pathfinder global public good (GPG) portal on remote sensing and GIS (RS/GIS) data and products with specific emphasis on river basin data, but also storing valuable data on Nations, Regions, and the World. A number of other specialty GPG portals have also been released. These include Global map of irrigated area (http://www.iwmigiam.org), Drought monitoring system for southwest Asia (http://dms.iwmi.org), Tsunami satellite sensor data catalogue (http://tsdc.iwmi.org), and Knowledge base system (KBS) for Sri Lanka (http://www.iwmikbs.org). The IWMIDSP has been the backbone of several other projects such as global irrigated area mapping, drought monitoring system, wetlands, and knowledge base systems. A discussion on these pathfinder web portals follow.

Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) is the fast, systematical and efficient operations to rescue persons in maritime distress at sea and control the spread of distress incident. This paper introduces an intelligent maritime search and rescue directing system built by Tianjin Maritime Safety Administration. It is an intelligent assistant tool used in the operation of maritime search and rescue. It integrates five subsystems - marine communication system, vessel monitoring system, intelligent decision assistant system, on-scene information collecting system, and remote directing system. It is a representative application system of Locate Based Service. This system is successfully applied in Tianjin Maritime Safety Administration and China 2006's BoHai Sea Search and Rescue.