The transportation infrastructure of the Russia is a vast network of automotive ways, railroads, waterways, pipelines and supporting transportation infrastructures. All kinds of modern transportation use high-level technology. It is necessary to apply last scientific achievements for transportation safety and service feature improvements. Scientific and engineering developments of the Russian transportation have been decreased during the last ten years due to economical problems in our country. Russian government, Federal Ministries, and scientific organizations understand inadmissibility of the transportation lag. Therefore, the Federal Program named 'Updating of the Russian transportation system' has been accepted. To provide a modern stage of the transportation system development based on last science achievement it will spend many scientific and industrial resources. Therefore, it is difficult to overestimate development and using of photonic systems for all kinds of the transportation. The First Conference on Photonics for Transportation (1999) was devoted to the state of the art of photonic system application for on ground and aerospace vehicles, navigation, inspection, observation and monitoring equipments for transportation, and novel photonic elements. After that novel approaches on photonics and its applications for transportation have been in Russia.

In transportation, photonics helps save lives and improves safety. A vehicle - whether it is drawn, floated or driven - carries stringent physical limitations. Any photonic hardware will increase the vehicle's weight, space and power consumption. But this hardware will improve safety for drivers and passengers. Photonics also helps to inspect railroads and highways. Lasers, smart imagers and computers for data processing offer a range of capabilities for transportation industry. The proposed paper will discuss the state of the art in the area of photonic applications for transportation.

Review is presented for optoelectronic products market present state and global development trends. The steady positive dynamics of optoelectronic products market is noted. Presented economical data reveal the large capacity of optoelectronics market and hard competition between leading manufacturers of optoelectronic products. The clear trend is emphasized for applications range widening of optoelectronic devices and their based systems, this trend being caused by radical progress in new high-efficiency optoelectronic materials synthesis and their based bulk and quantum - confined heterostructures. Different applications of optoelectronic devices and systems in transportation infrastructure are considered. Company R&D program is briefly reviewed, including silicon - on - sapphire (SOS) technology, direct deposition technology of A³ B⁵ and A² B⁶ compounds on Si and sapphire, microporous Si and electroluminescent polymers technologies.

Development stages of the notion optoelectronics have been examined as integral scientific and technical trend. Dates of the most important inventions that formed the basis for optoelectronics and its principal application trends are listed. Attention is drawn to the growth of physiological and psychophysical aspects of optoelectronics interaction with a man and society.

Russian regional society for scientists and engineers TOPEK jointed scientists, designers, engineers, postgraduates and students in the field of solid-state optoelectronic and photonic systems is presented. TOPEK's organization, officers, and research and development activity is described. Postgraduates and students participation in science life is considered.

Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) are the most perspective branch of medical technologies development. One of the most mass, cheap and effective methods of diagnostics and treatment of cardio-vascular diseases is interventional cardiology based on angiologic procedures. The principal difference of PACS for interventional cardiology is in necessity of gaining, analysis and archiving of dynamic images (angiology scenes). Russian Research Center <<Kurchatov Institute>> has developed and successfully implemented the first Russian PACS for interventional cardiology - complex for diagnostics, monitoring and treatment of cardio-vascular disease <<DIMOL>> which is described later in the article.

Velocity is an important feature of transportation, which in many respects defines safety of the movement, keeping of the trains schedule and parameters of navigation (definition of exact coordinate of a train on the railway). The accuracy measurement of velocity for the rolling stock is the important problem for railway transport, as the solution will ensure increase of safe passengers' transportation. At the present time electromechanical sensors are applied, on rail transport to determine the velocity of the movement. The work of the sensors is based on calculation of number of turns of a wheel. An error of measurement makes about 5 km/h, which is caused by slipping in and wearing out of wheels. Such value of an error is inadmissible for modern and perspective surface railway transport and metro.

At present there are exist comprehensive studies in the field of railway track condition monitoring systems and development of non-contact photonic systems (NCPS) based on digital CCD-cameras, high-speed board computers and powerful software. It consists of four special digital matrix CCD- cameras and four laser stripe illuminators. They are rigidly connected and structurally fixed on a wheel set of the track inspection vehicle in such manner that the corners of observation and the distances from the cameras up to the head of the rail during movement of the vehicle remain fixed. Distortions obtained when using Euler planes' formulas can be removed by applying coordinates conformity system. According to the algorithms made a cut-off method and tangent methods have been compared.

Moscow Metro is a powerful and important type of city transportation. Novel photonic gauge consisting of three subsystems for inspection of railway geometrical parameters is presented. Each system includes special lasers, CCD cameras and signal processor. Desired parameters are determined using processing of images formed by lasers. Mathematical methods and software for processing are described. Some experimental results are given.

The non-contact measuring system has been designed for rail- track parameters control on the Moscow Metro. It detects some significant parameters: rail-track width, rail-track height, gage, rail-slums, crosslevel, pickets, and car speed. The system consists of three subsystems: non-contact system of rail-track width, height, and gage inspection, non-contact system of rail-slums inspection and subsystem for crosslevel, speed, and pickets detection. Data from subsystems is transferred to pre-processing unit. In order to process data received from subsystems, the single-chip signal processor ADSP-2185 must be used due to providing required processing speed. After data will be processed, it is send to PC, which processes it and outputs it in the readable form.

The contact-free photon system of measurement of a rail track contains the subsystem of level measurement of an inclination of a rail track monitoring car, velocity of driving and sample of pickets. This subsystem is implemented on the basis of optoelectronic sensors and Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD). The format of the transmitted data surveyed the calculation of parameters for a given accuracy and speed range is reduced. The outcomes and structure of the subsystem is shown. The value of a velocity is determined in notebook by an amount of going impulses from the optoelectronic sensor.

At present, in Moscow metro a track inspection vehicle is used to measure rail track hollows. The main drawbacks of the existing subsystem are low accuracy and contact mode of measurement. To eliminate drawbacks the photonic subsystem for rail track hollows measurement (PHM) is proposed. The PHM consists of two photonic units (one unit on each rail). The photonic unit consists of CCD line, dotty laser and matt bar. The laser pixel reflects from matt bar to line CCD. When the hollow is changed the number of illuminated pixel in camera is change. A communication unit combines outputs of the cameras. It performs conversion from RS-485 levels to RS-232 levels. The central computer executes the hollow value estimation and its comparison with the pattern.

Non-contact photonic velocity sensor gives an opportunity to determine a velocity of locomotive travelling or track- testing coach in the underground. The principle, how a photon velocity sensor works, is based on two-dimensional filtration of the moving image with the help of a crystal photosensitive charge-coupled device (PhCCD) with a time delay integration (TDI), designed GUP 'NPP Pulsar.'

With account of modern optoelectronics global trends review is presented for on-board (air-borne and space-borne) equipment for transportation means. Different applications of optoelectronic devices and systems in on-board equipment have been considered. It's stressed that the problems of perspective transportation means can't be solved without progress of integrated optoelectronics. Data for monolithic A³ B⁵-based devices are presented, including monolithic LED bars and monolithic display boards. Advantages and shortcomings of the modern high-brightness light emitters are considered and the importance of good characteristics at ultralow working currents level is stressed. Review of several alternative approaches to the problems of integrated optoelectronics is presented.

The technological methods proposed above allow one to prepare integrated structures of multi-element heat detectors and special CCD. In thin structure the sensitive film is isolated from the substrate by means of a supporting membrane or serves as the membrane itself. Such a technology seems to be advantageous in further development of different MEMS structures. There is created a completely monolithic pyroelectric array of sensors 100 X 100 micrometers ² based on a heat-sensitive film construction lifted slightly above the crystal and also detector specimens with NETD less than 0.2 - 0.5 K (8 - 12 micrometers at 300 K and 20 - 50 Hz of modulation frequency). Derived measurements and investigations allowed us to choose the structure of 2D analogue CCD processor which now is under design and which will be integrated with pyroelectric membrane array.

Today optoelectronics (photonics) plays an important role in railway transportation. The various optoelectronic systems, arrays, and devices help save lives and improve safety. The historical aspects of optoelectronic development and their application for railroads in Russia are presented. The role of main creations in physics and optoelectronics for railways using will be discussed.

This article describes the project of space system, intended for sky survey in the interests of amateurs of astronomy as well as for topographic survey of Earth with high spatial resolution. The project is based on 'student' small-sized spacecraft, intended to be launched as a secondary payload.

On board astronomic camera 'AstroCam' is included in spacecraft 'AsrtoL.' This article describes optoelectronic camera 'AstroCam' and procedures of its operation -- stars selection and its recognition as well as determination of spacecraft orientation.

Project 'Poputchik' offers the creation of the system to obtain Earth remote sensing data with spatial resolution 5 - 20 m and coordinate data binding. At the same time project can provide for data with low resolution (1 km) and astronomic data for amateurs of astronomy. Project supposes creation of orbital group of 1 - 3 spacecrafts 'Poputchik' and network of ground receiving stations with mixed (partly- distributed) access to information. Period of survey of given area doesn't exceed 3 days even in the case of one spacecraft, and resolution of electro-optical equipment is sufficient to solve wide range of tasks. The system is based on launch of small-sized spacecraft of Earth remote sensing with mass not more than 120 kg, which can be delivered on orbit during launches of spacecrafts by launch vehicles of light class (type 'Kosmos,' 'Rokot,' 'Start'). Space system of Earth remote sensing is intended: (1) Operative survey of atmosphere and Earth surface in three spectral bands by means of electro-optical equipment with strip width not less than 50 km and resolution 20, with on board data storage equipment and equipment of data transmission to autonomous data reception and processing centers. Space data, received from spacecraft, by its characteristics: number of spectral bands, strip width, resolution, observation frequency, as well as by possibility of topogeodetic binding and other kinds of subject processing, enables to solve a wide range of tasks: (2) Mapping: (3) Inventory of lands, forest, water and agricultural areas, evaluation of their conditions; (4) Climatology and control of atmosphere alterations; (5) Evaluation of minerals and energy sources, including control of their reasonable use; (6) Control of coastal area of sees and oceans; (7) Monitoring of emergencies disasters.

Application of foreign electronic components in special space equipment, design in Russia, causes a number of specific problems to ensure necessary quality level, reliability and operational performances. Procedure of foreign electronic components application in Russian space equipment required its certification, carried out by authorized certification institutions, having appropriate licenses. RPE 'OPTECS' has successful experience of joint activity with Center of element and equipment certification RNIIKP as with Russian second supplier of certified COTS components for space.

The total dose effects in the Auger Tunnel Emitter Transistor (Auger TETRAN) have been experimentally investigated. It was established, that DC characteristic i.e. the collector current and the current gain coefficient are sufficiently degraded under (gamma) -rays irradiation over 5.10⁶ rad(Si). An unusual non-monotonous behavior of the DC characteristic was also observed at a low collector voltage.

The application of special structures and sites, which design are based on use of principles of designing on mono crystal silicon plates, allows to simplify process of assembling of focal plane arrays without deterioration of its precision characteristics. The technological methods of manufacturing of such sites provide reception of necessary structures from an initial material as plates of mono crystal silicon, which working surfaces are focused in a direction of the crystallographic axis <100>.

This article show the experimental results of investigation of space ionization radiation resistance made on linear charge coupled device (CCD) RL2048DAQ-011 of the firm EG&G Reticon during components certification for Sun coordinates sensor and Earth center sensor, designed by Research and Production Enterprise 'OPTECS' for spacecraft 'Yamal' with active life period at least 10 years.

The article is dedicated to the problem of choosing hardware and developing software for Land System intended for accumulating and processing information about the objects of energetics received from various probing means. It is also dedicated to realization of methods of comparing the images of the objects taken at different times and providing a possibility of information exchange.

Mixed modeling of photosensitive CCD-features is given. The modeling includes simulation of the following design stages: 2D-fabrication process, 2D-potential and electric field distributions and wells providing desired characteristics of the CCD pixel, charge capacity, photosensitivity, noises, modulation transfer function, and output signal using specialized CAD. A new four-phase PhCCD-chip with size of photosensitive area equal to 582(H) X 500 (V) pixels, pixel size 17 (V) X 11 (H) micrometers , photodiode accumulator, and vertical antiblooming structure has been simulated and designed.

Principles of model synthesis of a generalized optical- and laser-electronic system (O&LES) are discussed on the basis of the structural theory of the optical- and laser- electronic systems (O&LESs). The model synthesis technique is developed in the framework of a connected graph of the system of object and theoretical models as a system of graph model windows. The purposes and problems of the synthesis are analyzed and graph hierarchy of the synthesis stages execution is established. It is found that the complete model synthesis is reduced to prescription of sequential- parallel graph transfers both within the windows and between them and consists of nine stages. The first seven stages are at the same time the stages of a generalized graph technique of designing optical- and laser-electronic devices (O&LEDs), which is design realization of the technique of the complete model synthesis of O&LES. It is shown that the model synthesis of a definite system can be reduced to graphic presentation of the system of graph model window realization prescribing stages of design, manufacture and experimental investigation of the objective-physical model of O&LES. Specific features of creating the system of graph model windows for a definite O&LED are investigated.

A monolithic optoelectronic IC carrying out the function of a smart sensor for control and monitoring is described. The 2.3 X 2.3 mm² chip was fabricated with a 2-micrometers CMOS/SOS process technology. It consists of built-in solar cell voltage source, photo-voltaic sensor, CMOS A/D converter, EEPROM, decoder, linear amplifier, output buffer. The IC provides the stable operation for light intensity from 1500 lk to more than 10⁶ lk and controls the loads with output voltage 2.5 ... 3.5 V and power 6 ... 8 (mu) W.

The comparison of the CMOS APS and CCD device features has been made. It is expedient to develop high resolution and wide dynamic range systems with the PhCCD and simple systems with CMOS APS, which allows developing camera-on-a-chip. Schematic and layout types of CMOS APS pixel: with 3, 4 transistors per pixel, and with 5 transistors per two pixels have been considered. Pixel mathematical models, which binds photoelectric characteristics and design parameters. Dependencies of main features: reset time, read-out time, output signal amplitude, signal-to-noise ratio, modulation transfer function (MFT), which allows correctly designing the CMOS APS for any purpose applications, have been calculated.

New laser dyes of different chemical structure for blue- green and red spectral regions have been developed. These materials were tested as laser media with the second and third harmonics of a Nd³⁺ laser ((lambda) equals 532 and 351 nm) as a pump source. Some of the investigated dyes: Coumarin 522T, Coumarin 480D, Naphtalimide 6T, Phenalemine 512, and Benzanthrone 14 M are more efficient than commonly used laser dyes.

Liquids used for cooling, filtration and transformation of radiation in laser pump systems, projection TV sets and IR searchlights were described. The most effective liquid types were shown. Specific features of physical and physico- chemical processes at resonant and non-resonant interaction of broadband radiation with liquid were point out. It is demonstrated that, by an appropriate choice of the composition of liquid cooling agents and conditions of cooling, one can increase the efficiency and service time of the liquid-cooling devices.

This paper presents an approach for noise characterization of read-out circuits for CMOS image sensors in frames of transient noise analysis. It provides computation of the complete probabilistic characterization of such circuits. The method is efficient because no time-consuming convolution-like procedures are used. The flicker noise is naturally taken into account without additional computational efforts.

The hybrid multilayer X-ray sensitive structure with direct enlightening has been developed. The direct enlightening provides high quantum output of absorbed light. It is necessary to combine an output signals from different layers. An electronic calibration allows partially combining that output signals. The simulation of multilayer X-ray CCD and CMOS detectors for energy range from 1 to 100 keV has been carried out. In comparison to previous detectors, its sensitivity is increased in 80 - 120 times. This advantage has significant meaning for medicine and other fields.