Capacity of the watermark channel: how many bits can be hidden within a digital image?

Mauro Barni; Franco Bartolini; Alessia De Rosa; Alessandro Piva

doi:10.1117/12.344694

9 April 1999 Capacity of the watermark channel: how many bits can be hidden within a digital image?

Mauro Barni, Franco Bartolini, Alessia De Rosa, Alessandro Piva

Proceedings Volume 3657, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents; (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.344694
Event: Electronic Imaging '99, 1999, San Jose, CA, United States

Abstract

An evaluation of the number of bits that can be hidden within an image by means of frequency-domain watermarking is given. Watermarking is assumed to consist in the modification of a set of full-frame DCT (DFT) coefficients. The amount of modification each coefficient undergoes is proportional to the magnitude of the coefficient itself, so that an additive- multiplicative embedding rule results. The watermark-channel is modeled by letting the watermark be the signal and the image coefficients the noise introduced by the channel. To derive the capacity of each coefficient, the input (i.e. the watermark) and the output (i.e. the watermarked coefficients) of the channel are quantized, thus leading to a discrete- input, discrete-output model. Capacity is evaluated by computing the channel transition matrix and by maximizing the mutual input/output information. Though the results we obtained do not take into account attacks, they represent a useful indication about the amount of information that can be hidden within a single image.

Citation Download Citation

Mauro Barni, Franco Bartolini, Alessia De Rosa, and Alessandro Piva "Capacity of the watermark channel: how many bits can be hidden within a digital image?", Proc. SPIE 3657, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, (9 April 1999); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.344694

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