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1.INTRODUCTIONSmart city construction requires the integration of various information data from urban boundaries, and the combination of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) incorporates rich outdoor and indoor spatial information into a three-dimensional environment. The integration of GIS and BIM provides an essential foundation for the integrated construction of smart cities, further promoting data collection and platform development for smart cities. The fusion of smart city data based on three-dimensional GIS and BIM can provide technical support for various aspects of visualized urban governance. 2.BIM+GIS AND THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF SMART CITIES2.1.BIM+GIS TechnologyWith the gradual development of smart city construction towards specialization, standardization, and intelligence, a single technology alone cannot meet the needs of construction management. The integration of BIM and GIS provides new ideas and means for smart city management. GIS technology, with its core focus on managing large-scale geospatial data, emphasizes outdoor information expression. On the other hand, BIM technology (as shown in Table 1), with its core focus on managing building component information, emphasizes the detailed expression of individual building models. The combination of BIM and GIS enables the visualization and analysis of micro BIM models within macro three-dimensional GIS scenes, allowing for multi-scale control of engineering construction and operation. The current main focus of the integration of BIM and GIS lies in the format conversion between the two, as BIM data is transformed into GIS data through a process of refinement to coarseness. The key research point is how to preserve the geometric elements and semantic information of the data. Table1.Differences in File Data Representation between BIM and GIS
2.2.Smart CityRegarding the concept, the traditional technocentric viewpoint considers smart cities as physical spaces consisting of information infrastructure networks and digital technologies [1]. Komninos further extends the concept of smart cities to the field of social learning and knowledge innovation[2]. Angelidou proposes that smart cities refer to the comprehensive application of emerging information technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT)[3]. The significance of smart city construction can be explored around these six aspects. Firstly, in the smart economy dimension, Caragliu suggests that smart city construction can enhance urban productivity by enabling innovation through information technology empowerment[4]. Secondly, in the smart governance dimension, Schuurman believes that smart cities can integrate and process various types of information and data in economic development by governments [5]. Thirdly, in the smart living dimension, Romero proposes that the use of advanced information and communication technologies facilitates the automation of spatial regulation in daily life through network connectivity[6]. Fourthly, in the smart mobility dimension, Ismagilova et al. argue that integrated smart transportation systems can connect traffic information within vehicles through IoT[7]. Fifthly, in the smart people dimension, Carter suggests that smart cities foster citizens’ digital participation in various aspects of life, ensuring active and proficient utilization of digital services provided by smart cities [8]. Lastly, in the smart environment dimension, Appio et al. discuss how IoT technologies can manage the environmental aspects of smart cities using different types of sensors, while real-time data collection helps decision-makers optimize waste collection, recycling, and sorting [9-10]. 3.BIM+GIS INTEGRATION FOR DATA FUSION IN SMART CITY CONSTRUCTION3.1.BIM+GIS Related Technologies3.1.1.BIM Technology SeriesIn the context of smart city construction, the primary prerequisite for using BIM technology to establish data models is to create BIM models. Currently, the leading BIM modeling software worldwide includes Revit, Bentley, ArchiCAD, and Tekla series.
Based on the aforementioned BIM software series, to build a BIM collaborative platform and track the participation, access, and actions of project stakeholders, it is necessary to introduce a BIM server as a working platform and information storage carrier. Currently, common BIM servers include Eurostep ModelServer, BIMserver, IFC Model Server, as well as BIM software collaboration design servers such as Bentley ProjectWise, Autodesk 360. 3.1.2.GIS technologyThe core of GIS technology lies in the collection of geographic information. With advancements in photography technology, oblique photography techniques have emerged. Unlike traditional photography techniques that use a single vertical lens to capture only top-down imagery, oblique photography utilizes multiple lenses in different directions to simultaneously capture images from various angles, resulting in comprehensive and accurate information about the captured objects. The image data acquired through oblique photography is divided into nadir images and oblique images. Nadir images are captured by the camera in a vertical direction with respect to the ground, while oblique images are captured at inclined angles. Together, they constitute three-dimensional image data of objects. The rapid development of oblique photography technology has greatly improved the efficiency of acquiring three-dimensional data. Its advantages, such as low cost, high resolution, wide field of view, and rich information, have led to its extensive application in smart city construction, urban transportation planning, and other fields. 3.2.Data fusion3.2.1.Data fusion and lightweightSmart city construction requires the integration of BIM technology and GIS technology, involving their participation throughout the entire lifecycle. The construction process of a smart city based on the integration of BIM+GIS technology includes information collection, information classification and coding, information organization and expression, information processing, and information transmission, sharing, and feedback. These five processes form a complete closed-loop information flow. The integration of BIM+GIS technology not only involves the construction and management of project workflows throughout their entire lifecycle but also encompasses the development and operation of the entire platform for smart city construction and maintenance. This integration generates massive amounts of data, which can occupy significant storage space. Therefore, the challenge of lightweight modeling in BIM+GIS technology is a major technical problem that researchers are currently striving to overcome. 3.2.2Information integration data flow analysisBIM can provide support for information integration, and at the same time, the relationship between the amount of information and the communication channel reflects the effect of information integration to different degrees. From the perspective of multi-agent collaborative information integration, the following data flows can be calculated: Assuming that there are m participants in the whole life cycle of a construction project, that is, m information nodes, and N is the information communication channel between the information nodes, an equation between m and N can be established: Assuming that Nm is the total amount of information transmitted between m information nodes and nm is the average amount of information per node, which means the Nm Considering that each node generates the new information while receiving the message, the information transmission amount of each node is proportional to the number of nodes, that is: And the total amount of information transmission Nm is directly proportional to the square of the number of message nodes, that is: 3.3.Case ApplicationsThis project is an internationally standardized swimming pool facility constructed by China. It is located within the borders of Country B and is primarily used for training and competitions in various aquatic sports(as shown in Figure 1). The project site is located in a region with complex terrain, posing challenges for surveying and design in the early stages of the international project compared to mainland projects. Laser scanning technology in GIS can be utilized for initial terrain surveys, and the data obtained can be presented on the BIM+GIS platform. By employing collaborative fusion techniques, design efficiency and quality can be significantly improved, leading to a substantial reduction in labor costs. The BIM model as shown in Figure 2. The project provides a typical case study for the construction of a smart city, with specific application achievements including:
4.CONCLUSIONBased on the integration of BIM and GIS technologies, this paper introduces the relevant research and technological application conditions of BIM and GIS technologies. It also demonstrates the functional applications of BIM+GIS technologies in physical projects of smart city construction through case studies. These findings serve as a reference for visualizing various data in smart city construction, improving labor productivity, reducing labor costs, conserving resources, building green cities, and enhancing the level of intelligent management and informationization in cities. REFERENCECaragliu, A., Del Bo, C., Nijhamp, P.,
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