An important part of the communication between a device and its environment occurs via their interface. Currently, the surface of many devices is still static and cannot be programmed to communicate dynamically with its surroundings. By bringing these static surfaces into motion, devices can potentially provide haptic feedback, switch between specular and diffuse reflection, or actively transport material at the device surface. Recently, we introduced a new design to create oscillating surface waves into an initially flat surface using a continuous AC electric field. In this paper we present new insights in the parameters that influence the surface dynamics, focusing on how circuit and electrode pattern design can be optimized to obtain naturally favorable dynamic surface topographies with programmable shapes.
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