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Photoemission with characteristic x-ray and synchrotron radiation has shown that the first atomic layers of the noble metals have electronic properties which differ from those of the bulk. The d bands are narrowed at the surface, resulting in reduced s-d hybridiza-tion and a transfer of charge from s- into d-states. These changes result in a decrease in the core electron binding energies at the surface which have been determined for all three metals.
G K Wertheim andP H Citrin
"Surface Atom Core Level Shifts In The Noble Metals", Proc. SPIE 0447, Science with Soft X-Rays, (27 March 1984); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.939178
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G K Wertheim, P H Citrin, "Surface Atom Core Level Shifts In The Noble Metals," Proc. SPIE 0447, Science with Soft X-Rays, (27 March 1984); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.939178