This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8622, including the Title Page, Copyright Information, Table of Contents, Introduction and Conference Committee listing.

Photopatternable optical silicone materials have been developed that can be fabricated into flexible polymer waveguides using conventional film processing and photolithography techniques. Waveguides designed for multimode applications have demonstrated loss of 0.05 dB/cm at 850 nm. These waveguides have proven stable in 85% relative humidity and 85°C storage conditions for greater than 2000 hours to date with no degradation in optical performance. Further, this polymer waveguide system has shown sufficient adhesion to flexible polyimide substrates without any curling, and passed bending tests to a 1 mm radius without damage.

Various applications in the field of photonic microsystems for Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEA) were shown with this research. DEA belong to the class of Electro Active Polymers (EAP) and have the potential to substitute common technologies like piezoelectric actuators. DEAs offers several advantages like compact and variable shapes, large actuation ranges and cost efficient production processes that have to be emphasized. For the market of adaptive photonic microsystems especially area actuators are very suitable. They can be used e.g. as tuneable lens, mirror or grating component and tool for optical fiber alignment. These area actuators have a similar structure like a capacitor. They consist of three layers, two electrode layers on top and bottom and one dielectric layer in the center. The dielectric layer is made of a deformable and prestretched elastomer film. When applying a voltage between both electrode layers the thickness of the dielectric film is compressed and the actuator is displaced in the plane. The use of material compositions like a polymer matrix with graphite, carbon nano particles or carbon nano tubes as well as thin metal films for the electrodes were studied. The paper presents results on suitable dielectric and electrode materials, actuator geometries and respective adaptive photonic components. The manufacturing process of area actuators is described in detail. As a basic size of the area actuators (20 × 20) mm² were chosen. Onto the produced area actuators polymer lenses or mirrors were assembled. The deflection of the optical beam path is calculated with optical simulations and measured at the prepared adaptive optical components. Static actuations of about ±15 μm are achieved when applying a voltage of 200 V. Also the function of a tuneable beam splitter is demonstrated to show further applications.

We will report second harmonics generations (SHG) in nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers excited by Surface Plasmon (SP) enhanced fields. The surface plasmon polariton was excited in an attenuated total reflection geometry having the Kretchmann configuration. Here, the NLO interactions occurred in the thin films of the NLO polymers, consisting of Disperse Red 1 as guest chromophores and PMMA as host, coated on Ag thin films. Our experimental results indicated that NLO polymers emitted strong SHG signals in the SP resonance conditions. The SHG intensities from NLO polymer coated Ag films were more than 10 times higher than those of the uncoated Ag films. The measurements were conducted for the polymer films with different thickness between 10 and 100 nm. All of the samples with different polymer thickness exhibited the SHG signals at its SP resonance condition that depends on the film thicknesses. The highest SHG conversion efficiency was recorded from the sample with 40 nm film thicknesses. The p-polarized pump beams gave the highest SHG conversion efficiency while the s-polarized ones gave almost no signals. On the other hand, the polarizations of the SH signals were highly oriented in the direction of the p-polarizations. The SP-enhanced field attracts a lot of interests as light sources for sub-diffraction-limit imaging. The SP can be excited only in the regions lower than surface plasma frequencies peculiar to the metals. The present frequency conversion technologies for the SP enhanced fields in the NLO polymers will extend the frequency regions available for the sub-diffraction-limit imaging.

We present experimental results of studies of new organic compounds and hybrid systems which can be used for amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and lasing applications. As dye molecules we have choose group of pyrazoline derivatives (PRD). Luminescence has been studied for solution of PRD in tetrahydrofuran. ASE has been studied for thin films of PRD in polymethyl methacryalte matrix. For the samples excitation we have used Nd:YAG nanosecond pulsed laser doubled in frequency (λ= 532 nm). We report on light amplification and spectral dye luminescence narrowing in function of different excitation pulse energy densities.

We present the first systematic study on the emission polarization of coherent random lasing (RL). Employing a single-shot spectro-polarimeter the complete polarization state and the degree of polarization could be recovered for individual RL modes. It turned out that the polarization of RL modes is strongly dependent on the pump polarization, which can be explained with the dipolar nature of the dye molecules. Furthermore, by using a highly viscous solvent for the laser-dye and a linear pump polarization, it was possible to force all random-lasing modes into just the same linear polarization.

The development of near-infrared dyes for third order nonlinear optical applications and particularly for optical power limiting at telecommunications wavelengths triggered the revival of old dyes like polymethine dyes featuring an odd number of carbon atoms. Currently numerous research endeavor is focused on the understanding of their spectroscopy in solution and in the solid state in close relationship with their electronic structure. In this context, the dramatic effect of the counter ion on the heptamethine optical properties was highlighted depending on the dissociating character of the media. The unusual consideration of this parameter allows us to explore the so-called “cyanine limit” and to finely tune the heptamethine absorption in view of future use as dopant in a material for optical limiting applications.

The two-photon absorption properties of brunched π-conjugated hydrocarbons at visible wavelengths, up to 400 nm measured by using the femtosecond open-aperture Z-scan method are presented. The hydrocarbons, phenylethynylsubstituted benzenes, shows moderate (several hundreds GM) or very large (~20,000 GM) two-photon absorption cross sections, suggesting such a hydrocarbons can be efficient two-photon absorption chromophores in the wavelength region.

Organometallic complexes comprising of a platinum (II) acetylide core linked with different -conjugated chromophores are promising materials for applications requiring strong nonlinear-optical response. In dual-mode optical power limiting, the chromophore first undergoes ultrafast two-photon absorption (2PA) in singlet manifold, followed by efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and subsequent T-T absorption. While the heavy atom facilitates efficient T-T absorption, achieving sufficiently high intrinsic 2PA cross-section value has remained an issue. Here we present a series of linear- and cross-conjugated p-phenylene vinylene platinum (II) acetylides (TPV1-Ph, TP01-TPV2, crossTPV1, crossTPV1-DPAF, crossTPV3) with extended π-conjugated chains and discuss their linear- and nonlinear photophysical properties, including comparison to the properties of the constituting ligand chromophores. Remarkably high femtosecond 2PA cross-section values (up to 10,000 GM) were obtained for several of the new complexes by both nonlinear transmission (NLT) and two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) method. The large 2PA values, especially in crossTPV1 and crossTPV3, span a broad range of wavelengths, 570 – 810 nm, which overlaps with maximum wavelength of strong T-T excited state absorption measured by nanosecond transient absorption method. This combination of properties renders these compounds efficient dual-mode nonlinear absorbers in the visible to near-IR region. Examination of the photophysical properties allows us to elucidate the structure-property relationships both in the solutions as well as in solid samples where the chromophores are incorporated into a polymer host.

Coarse-grained Monte Carlo/molecular dynamic calculations are employed to explore the effect of various of intermolecular electrostatic interactions upon chromophore order, lattice dimensionality, and viscoelasticity in electrically-poled organic second order nonlinear optical materials. The following classes of organic macromolecular materials are considered: (1) Chromophore-polymer composites, (2) chromophores covalently incorporated into polymers and dendrimers, (3) chromophores incorporating additional dipolar or quadrupolar interactions that enhance poling efficiency, and (4) binary chromophore materials. For chromophore-polymer composites, the competition of chromophore-chromophore dipolar interactions and nuclear repulsive (steric) interactions define poling-induced acentric order. For covalently incorporated chromophores, covalent bond potentials also influence poling-induced order. These first two classes of materials basically behave as Langevin (3-D) lattice materials. Dipolar (e.g., coumarin) and quadrupolar (arene-perfluoroarene) interactions act to influence lattice dimensionality and thus enhance poling efficiency (the ratio of electro-optic activity to electric poling field strength). The long-range molecular cooperativity associated with these interactions influences viscoelastic properties critical to material processing and integration into silicon photonic, plasmonic, and metamaterial devices. The interaction between different chromophore species in binary chromophore materials also enhances poling efficiency. Polarized laser radiation applied to certain binary chromophore materials can also be used to enhance poling efficiency through control of lattice dimensionality. Poling efficiency approaching 5 (nm/V)² has been achieved for these latter two classes of materials. Improvement in poling efficiency and control of material viscosity is particular important for integration of organic materials into complex device structures.

We discuss here bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells with engineered interfaces to achieve desired phase separations (vertical and horizontal), molecule orientations, ohmic contacts, and electronic properties for device performance maximization, and to enhance the device durability by eliminating corrosive interfacial layers. The strategies discussed include development of novel interfacial layers such as self-assembled organic layers and inorganic metal oxide layers, and using inverted cell architectures. Interface engineering leads to optimal active layer morphologies and to polymer π- orientation, as well as maximum open circuit voltage. Using p-type NiO as the anode hole transporting/electron blocking layer results in dramatically enhanced device performance of P3HT/PCBM polymer solar cells with PCEs up to 5%. Electrical property and surface morphology investigations of NiO elucidate the mechanism for the enhanced performance. Other novel interfacial materials such as self-assembled organic monolayers and graphene oxide (GO) have also been incorporated into polymer solar cells to achieve comparable PCEs with improved device stability. Using ZnO as electron transporting/hole blocking layer and employing an inverted device architecture, polymer solar cells achieve desired molecule π-orientation and vertical phase separation, therefore extremely high fill factors and promising power conversion efficiencies. In addition to interfacial layer materials, active layer components with state-of-the-art device performance, both polymer and small molecule developed in this laboratory, will also be discussed.

Nowadays, many crucial biological questions involve the observation of biological samples at different scales. Thus, optical microscopy can be associated to magnetic nuclear imaging allowing access to data from the cellular to the organ level, or can be associated to electron microscopy to reach the sub cellular level. We will describe here the design, synthesis and characterization of new bimodal probes, which can be used as dye in two-photon excited microscopy (TPEM) and electron dense markers in scanning and transmission electron microscopy (EM). In a first part, we will describe new molecular dyes with small organic systems grafted on metal atoms (Pt, Au). Such systems show good twophoton induced fluorescence and two-photon images of HeLa cells will be presented. In a second part, we will present hybrid organic-inorganic fluorescent systems with diketopyrrolopyrole-based dye grafted on iron oxide-silica core shell nanoparticles by peptide bond. Such systems present high two-photon absorption cross sections and good fluorescence quantum yields. These nanoparticles are rapidly internalized in HeLa cells and high quality two-photon images were performed with low laser power. Then we will present our results on correlative light-electron microscopy were twophoton and electron microscopy (both scanning and transmission) images were obtained on the same biological sample.

Nonlinear optical microscopy is a biocompatible avenue for probing ordered molecular assemblies in biological tissues. As in linear optics, the nonlinear optical response from ordered systems is polarization-sensitive. This dependence can be used to identify and characterize local molecular ordering with micrometer-scale 3D resolution in a nonlinear microscope. In particular, third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy is a nonlinear optical modality sensitive to the electronic nonlinear susceptibility χ⁽³⁾ of a material. THG microscopy can be used to map χ⁽³⁾ spatial variations (i.e. material interfaces), and to probe birefringence. In principle, polarization-resolved THG (P-THG) can therefore be used to probe ordered molecular arrays. However, the orientation, distribution, and nonlinear optical properties of the molecules near the beam focus all affect the detected signal. It is therefore necessary to develop a theoretical method which decouples these effects and permits the extraction of orientational information from P-THG images. In this report, we first present P-THG images of model systems (lipid droplets, multilamellar lipid vesicles) and biological tissues (human skin biopsy) which establish that P-THG is sensitive to lipid ordering and that it is maximized when excitation polarization is parallel to the ordered lipid molecules, giving impetus for the development of a thorough theoretical analysis. We then outline a multiscale model spanning the molecular (nm) and ensemble (μm) scales predicting the PTHG signal, consisting of three main steps: (i) calculation of the molecular electronic hyperpolarizability; (ii) determination of the anisotropic χ⁽³⁾ for various molecular distribution parameters; and (iii) numerical calculations of the P-THG signal from lipid-water interfaces. This analysis links the measured P-THG response to lipid molecular structure and ordering.

In recent years, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) biopolymers have attracted much research attention and been considered as a promising material when being employed in many optoelectronic devices. Since performance of many DNA biopolymer-based devices relies on carrier transport, it is crucial to study the carrier mobility of these DNA-surfactant complexes for practical implement. In this work, we present hole mobility characterization of cetyltrimethylammonium (CTMA)-modified DNA biopolymer by using space-charge-limited current (SCLC) method. Devices were fabricated using a sandwich structure with a buffer layer of MoO3 to enhance hole injection and achieve ohmic contact between the anode and the DNA layer. Current-voltage (I-V) curves of the devices were analyzed. A trap-free SCLC behavior can ultimately be achieved and a quadratic dependence in I-V curve was observed. With increasing electric field, a positive field-dependent mobility was demonstrated. The correlation between mobility and temperature was also investigated and a positive relation was found. The characterization results can be further utilized for DNA-based device design and applications.

One of the possibilities to create organic molecular material for NLO applications are polymers with dispersed NLO active chromophores. These molecules must be acentrically ordered by applying an external electric poling field. The NLO efficiency depends on dipole moment, molecular hyperpolarizabilities, concentration of the chromophores and external poling field strength. Calculating, from first principles, the extent of the alignment and via this NLO efficiency has proven to be challenging. One approach to solve this problem is pure analytic statistical mechanics treatment, what could be enhanced by Monte Carlo (MC) statistical mechanical modelling. The chromophore molecules usually have been treated as point dipoles embedded in some kind of realistic molecular shape – prolate spheroid. Another possibility is fully atomistic molecular modelling with classical force field MD methods. This method allows obtain extent of alignment and observing kinetics of poling and relaxation. Unfortunately, in case when host and chromophores are represented at atomistic level, MD approach requires huge amount of computations. One of the solutions is to reproduce the motion of the molecules of interest (chromophores) using Langevin dynamics (LD). This method simulates the effect of molecular collisions and the resulting dissipation of energy that occur in real host, without explicitly including host molecules. In this contribution chromophore load, dipole moment and poling field impact on extent of alignment and poling / relaxation dynamics of model system obtained by LD simulations will be presented. On a basis of these results we would like to come forward with some inspirations for EO polymer design.

As EO phase modulators become more prevalent components in optical and RF applications, the demand increases for high bandwidth and low drive voltage modulators that can easily be integrated into developing photonic technologies. The proposed paper will discuss a device architecture for a phase modulator based on a recently developed organic EO material (OEOM), IKD-1-50 integrated into a PMMA polymer host, using a low-index, photo-curable resin as the cladding layers all on a Si platform. Designs for a TM waveguide and electrode configuration will be presented from theory and modeling, through fabrication to characterization. The EO material serving as the core of the waveguide is poled using a poling stage and monitoring apparatus with same electrodes designed for modulation. Poling procedures have been optimized for this material based on experimentation in simple slab-capacitor characterization devices, and produce in-device r₃₃ values that are comparable with attenuated total internal reflection measurements. The challenges presented by the instability of OEOMs in common processing conditions have been addressed and a very simple fabrication process has been developed using standard photolithography and reactive ion etching to define an inverted ridge waveguide structure, pattern surrounding electrodes, and prepare usable end facets. Phase modulator characterization results for fabricated and poled devices have been quantified and will be presented. The simplicity of this device architecture on a Si handle allows for integration into various photonic applications.

Organic EO materials, sometimes called EO polymers, offer a variety of very promising properties that have improved at remarkable rates over the last decade, and will continue to improve. However, these materials rely on a “poling” process to afford EO activity, which is commonly cited as the bottleneck for the widespread implementation of organic EO material-containing devices. The Solution Phase-Assisted Reorientation of Chromophores (SPARC) is a process that utilizes the mobility of chromophores in the solution phase to afford acentric molecular order during deposition. The electric field can be generated by a corona discharge in a carefully-controlled gas environment. The absence of a poling director during conventional spin deposition forms centric pairs of chromophores which may compromise the efficacy of thermal poling. Direct spectroscopic evidence of linear dichroism in modern organic EO materials has estimated the poling-induced order of the chromophores to be 10-15% of its theoretical maximum, offering the potential for a manyfold enhancement in EO activity if poling is improved. SPARC is designed to overcome these limitations and also to allow the poling of polymeric hosts with temporal thermal (alignment) stabilities greater than the decomposition temperature of the guest chromophore. In this report evidence supporting the theory motivating the SPARC process and the resulting EO activities will be presented. Additionally, the results of trials towards a device demonstration of the SPARC process will be discussed.

The cadmium selenite (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs) have promising applications in display technology since its luminescence wavelength can be tuned precisely from blue to red by changing the diameter of the core from 2.0 to 7.0 nm. A self-assembled monolayer of QDs, sandwiched between two organic thin films is necessary to isolate the luminescence processes from charge conduction. The use of QDs for device technology, one of the fundamental issues is how to distribute QDs uniformly on patterned surfaces with precise control of density. In this study, we demonstrate that uniform distribution of QDs with controllable density can be achieved using the conventional spin-coating method. We have fabricated high efficient QD-OLED by spin-coating method. The estimated QDs threshold concentration was found ~ 9x10¹¹ cm^-2 for the best performance of QD-OLED. The AFM morphological studies of the hybrid device showed the formation of a disordered QD film as a result of the aggregation of CdSe/ZnS QDs upon phase segregation. The analysis of electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence (PL) performance of OLED showed that precise control of the QD concentration is necessary to maximize the coverage of QDs on organic surface which is an important factor in color tuning. The peak energies of the EL and PL showed only small spectral shifts and no significant dependence on the QDconcentration. The QD emission was increased about three times by annealing of QD-OLED.

Among the various organic photovoltaic devices, the conjugated polymer/fullerene approach has drawn the most research interest. The performance of these types of solar cells is greatly determined by the nanoscale morphology of the two components (donor/acceptor) and the molecular orientation/crystallinity in the photoactive layer. This article demonstrates our recent studies on the nanostructure geometry effects on the nanoimprint induced poly(3 hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) chain alignment and photovoltaic performance. Out-of-plane and in-plane grazing incident X-ray diffractions are employed to characterize the chain orientations in P3HT nanogratings with different widths and heights. It is found that nanoimprint procedure changes the initial edge-on alignment in non-imprinted P3HT thin film to a vertical orientation which favors the hole transport, with an organization height H≥ 170 nm and width in the range of 60 nm≤ W< 210 nm. Samples with better aligned molecules lead to a larger crystallite sizes as well. Imprinted P3HT/[6,6]-penyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PCBM) solar cells show an increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) with the decrease of nanostructure width, and with the increase of height and junction area. Devices with the highest PCE are made by the fully aligned and highest P3HT nanostructures (width w= 60 nm, height h= 170 nm), allowing for the most efficient charge separation, transport and light absorption. We believe this work will contribute to the optimal geometry design of nanoimprinted polymer solar cells.

In this paper we investigate the performance of a transparent photoconductive sensor based on a double layer of organic materials (m-MTDAB / PTCBI) which are deposited on two interdigitated transparent ITO electrodes. The performance of the sensor is demonstrated with electro-optical measurements: the I(V) curves consist of two linear sections meeting at a knee voltage V_t. Linear regression performed on the I(V) curves below V_t show that the conductance is a power law of the luminance incident on the device. We present a model to describe the behaviour of the sensor below V_t. We present measurements of I(t) for a transient illumination of the sensor. Plotting the inverse of the current as a function of time we find that the transient is consistent with the model for voltages below V_t. For voltages above V_t we find that the sensor behaves like a resistor in series with a space charge (SC) region. We present a local illumination experiment that confirms the existence of a SC region between the electrodes of the photoconductive sensor for V<V_t. The space charge region is located near the cathode of the sensor.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) biopolymers have shown promise to be utilized in optoelectronic devices owing to several unique features of DNA molecules. In this study, we present the fabrication of DNA-Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) nanocomposite and incorporate it in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). DNA biopolymer attributes to a high lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level for electron blocking, whereas Au NPs are the hole traps to retard hole injection. We evaluate the performance of DNA-Au NPs nanocomposite OLEDs comprised of different concentrations of Au NPs. The results indicate that the utilization of DNA-Au NPs nanocomposite gives rise to higher luminance and higher current efficiency compared to the DNA-based device without Au NPs.

Modifications of bulk and surface properties of materials covered with nanoobjects such as: fullerenes, nanotubes, quantum dots, shungites, graphenes, etc., were studied. Improved photorefractive, photoconductive, mechanical and spectral properties were observed for the optical materials operating in the UV-VIS-IR spectral ranges. A wide area of possible applications of these materials in optoelectronics, laser techniques and solar energy conversion is proposed and discussed.

Recent research findings led the team to conclude that a long lasting and inexpensive colorimetric sensor for monitoring ammonia emission from manure in confined animal feeding operations could eventually become feasible. The sensor uses robust method of opto-electronic spectroscopic measurement of the reversible change of the color of a sensitive nano-composite reagent film in response to ammonia. The film is made of a metal (gold, platinum, or palladium) nano-colloid in a polymer matrix with an ammonia-sensitive indicator dye additive. The response of the indicator dye (increase of the optical absorption in the region 550 to 650 nm) is enhanced by the nano-particles (~10 nm in size) in two ways: (a) concentration of the optical field near the nano-particle due to the plasmon resonance; and (b) catalytic acceleration of the chemical reaction of deprotonization of the indicator dye in the presence of ammonia and water vapor. This enhancement helps to make a miniature and rugged sensing element without compromising its sensitivity of less than 1 ppm for the range 0 to 100 ppm. The sensor underwent field tests in commercial broiler farms in Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas and was compared against a commercial photoacoustic gas analyzer. The sensor output correlated well with the data from the photoacoustic analyzer (correlation coefficient not less than 0.9 and the linear regression slope after calibration close to 1.0) for several weeks of continuous operation. The sources of errors were analyzed and the conclusions on the necessary improvements and the potential use of the proposed device were made.

We have developed a monolithic quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) based on graphene modified mesoscopic carbon counter electrode (GC-CE), which offers a promising prospect for commercial applications. Based on the design of a triple layer structure, the TiO₂ working electrode layer, ZrO₂ spacer layer and carbon counter electrode (CE) layer are constructed on a single conducting glass substrate by screen-printing. The quasi-solid-state polymer gel electrolyte employs a polymer composite as the gelator and could effectively infiltrate into the porous layers. Fabricated with normal carbon counter electrode (NC-CE) containing graphite and carbon black, the device shows a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.09% with the fill factor (FF) of 0.63 at 100 mW cm^-2 AM1.5 illumination. When the NC-CE is modified with graphene sheets, the PCE and FF could be enhanced to 6.27% and 0.71, respectively. This improvement indicates excellent conductivity and high electrocatalytic activity of the graphene sheets, which have been considered as a promising platinum-free electrode material for DSSCs.

Molecular organic compounds with electron donating fragment bounded through π-conjugated system with electron acceptor fragment, as well as with incorporated triphenyl groups in their molecules show potential for creating cheap and simple solution processable materials with nonlinear optical properties. Additional insertion of azobenzene fragment in their structures makes them also possible to form holographic volume and surface relief gratings (SRG) after exposure to laser radiation, which could be useful for holographic data storage. For these purposes polymers are generally used. However, their application is complicated and challenging task as in every attempt to obtain the same polymer it will have different physical properties. On the other hand, the synthetic procedure of molecular glasses is more simple as their structure and physical properties are strongly defined. Unfortunately, there is still no clear relation between compound organic structures and their thermal, glass-forming and optical properties.

In order to investigate the above mentioned regularities, we have synthesized and investigated ten molecular glassy organic compounds with three different fragments as main backbones of the molecules: indene-1,3-dione (WE-1, WE-2, WE-3), isophorene (IWK-1D, IWK-2M, IWK-2D) and pyranylidene (DWK-2TB, ZWK-2TB, JWK-2TB, ZWK-3AZO). Compounds containing isophorene fragment in their molecules had the highest NLO efficiencies (d₃₃ up to 125.7 pm/V for IWK-2D) and also were the most effective holographic data storage compounds with holographic self diffraction efficiency 13% and holographic diffraction efficiency 20%, also for IWK-2D, but their thermal stability (T_d from 288°C to 295°C) and glass transition (T_g from 90°C to 105°C) values were just average. Pyranylidene type compounds had the highest thermal stability and highest glass transition (T_g from 115°C to 180°C). But their ability to form and maintain amorphous structure were low and they had average NLO efficiencies (d₃₃ up to 66.2 pm/V for ZWK-2TB) and average holographic self diffraction efficiency 2% and holographic diffraction efficiency 8% for ZWK-3AZO. The molecules with just azobenzene fragment and indene-1,3-dione as electron acceptor has the lowest thermal (T_d from 250°C to 282°C, T_g from 70°C to 98°C) and also the lowest holographic properties with holographic diffraction and self diffraction efficiencies at 4% for WE-1 and lower for other compounds. Nevertheless, some of the investigated molecular glasses show potential as multifunctional optical materials.

Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) has a characteristic to change the electric energy into the light when the electric field is applied to the organic material. OLED is currently employed as a light source for the lighting tools because research has extensively progressed in the improvement of luminance, efficiency, and life time. OLED is widely used in the plate display device because of a simple manufacture process and high emitting efficiency. But most of OLED lighting projects were used the vacuum evaporator (thermal evaporator) with low molecular. Although printing method has lower efficiency and life time of OLED than vacuum evaporator method, projects of printing OLED actively are progressed because was possible to combine with flexible substrate and printing technology. Printing technology is ink-jet, screen printing and slot coating. This printing method allows for low cost and mass production techniques and large substrates. In this research, we have proposed inkjet printing for organic light-emitting devices has the dominant method of thick film deposition because of its low cost and simple processing. In this research, the fabrication of the passive matrix OLED is achieved by inkjet printing, using a polymer phosphorescent ink. We are measured optical and electrical characteristics of OLED.

Polymer electro-optic (EO) waveguides are key component of high performance electro-optic switches. Recently, EO chromophore and host polymer matrix are investigated to get high EO coefficient (r₃₃) and fabricate waveguide structures. To realize high r₃₃, chromophore density in host polymer matrix must be increased. However, high loading density results in lowering of resistivity of EO material. It becomes a problem when chromophore is poled in waveguide structure and EO modulator is worked at low frequency. In this case, EO material is sandwiched by other cladding materials but usually these materials have low conductivity compared with EO material. It means effective electric field applied to EO material and r₃₃ is reduced by cladding material layers. To improve these difficulties, we proposed new chromophore contained polymer material as cladding material of EO waveguide. Addition of EO chromospheres (6 wt %) increase conductivity to 10⁶~10⁷ Ω•m. The value is comparable or above to EO materials. We also present fabrication results of EO ridge waveguide with the chromophore contained cladding polymer.