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This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8069, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and the Conference Committee listing.
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An integrated optical interleaver has been demonstrated in SOI platform using large cross section single mode rib
waveguide structures. The 2×2 device structure is in fact an unbalanced Mach Zehnder Interferometer formed
by cascading two identical directional couplers. The device was designed to separate alternate ITU channels
operating at λ ~ 1550nm. The fabricated devices have been characterized in terms of insertion loss, polarization
and wavelength dependencies, channel extinction etc. The first prototype device operating at ~ 100 GHz ITU
channel spacing has been observed to be slightly polarization dependent and a channel extinction of ~ 8 dB was
recorded for TE polarization.
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We demonstrate widely tunable high power distributed feedback quantum cascade laser array chips that span 190 nm
and 200 nm from 4.4 um to 4.59 um and 4.5 um to 4.7 um respectively. The lasers emit single mode with a very narrow
linewidth and side mode suppression ratio of 25 dB. Under pulsed operation power outputs up to 1.85 W was obtained
from arrays with 3 mm cavity length and up to 0.95 W from arrays with 2 mm cavity length at room temperature.
Continuous wave operation was also observed from both chips with 2 mm and 3 mm long cavity arrays up to 150 mW.
The cleaved size of the array chip with 3 mm long cavities was around 4 mm x 5 mm and does not require sensitive
external optical components to achieve wide tunability. With their small size and high portability, monolithically
integrated DFB QCL Arrays are prominent candidates of widely tunable, compact, efficient and high power sources of
mid-infrared radiation for gas sensing.
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We report a comprehensive study of the effects of polarized optical injection in long-wavelength Vertical-Cavity Surface
Emitting Lasers (LW-VCSELs) emitting at the telecom wavelength of 1550nm. We analyze the properties of the
polarization switching and bistability that can be induced in a 1550nm-VCSEL under orthogonal and arbitrary polarized
optical injection. Additionally, we study the injection locking bandwidth of these devices when subject to different
polarized optical injection. Furthermore, we also analyze the relationship existing between the injection locking
bandwidth and the polarization switching range when the device is subject to orthogonally-polarized optical injection.
Finally, we have identified regions of different nonlinear dynamics outside the injection locking bandwidth, including
regions of periodic dynamics (such as limit cycle and period doubling) and chaos when these devices are subject to
parallel and to orthogonal optical injection. This rich variety of nonlinear effects observed at 1550nm offers exciting
prospects for novel practical uses of VCSELs in optical switching/routing applications in optical networks.
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This paper reports the development of an infra-red circa 193THz (~1.5μm) frequency tunable laser source
selected and evaluated for photonic environment sensing systems. LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging)
offers a method of remote wind speed measurement. Widespread deployment of the technique has been limited
by the expense and complexity of LIDAR systems. However development of systems based on optical fiber and
photonic components from the telecommunications industry promises improvements in cost, compactness, and
reliability, so that it becomes viable to consider deployment of such systems on large wind turbines for the
advance detection of fluctuations of wind speed. A monolithic multi-section laser, originally designed as a
tunable source for telecommunications applications, has been modified and re-evaluated as a source for sensing
applications, based on the technique of coherent laser radar (CLR), and coherent doppler LIDAR (CDL). A
tunable frequency optical source should fulfil specific technical criteria to fulfil the applications requirements;
speed of frequency selection, absolute accuracy of emitted frequency, spectral purity, and stability. Custom
electronics and firmware were developed to realise an improvement in frequency switching speed by a factor of
10 relative to equivalent commercially available telecoms (DBR) sources, satisfying the target application
requirements. An overview of the sensing architecture is presented, a detailed description of the fast tuning
process described, including the custom hardware and firmware, and specifically the laser energising sequence.
The results of the laser module are then presented with detailed consideration of the target application.
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Optically triggered surface channel MESFETs were fabricated on commercial polycrystalline diamond to be tested as
fast UV activated switches. Devices with an opaque-gate and asymmetric structure were designed in order to improve
charges photogeneration within gate-drain region. The sensitivity to UV light was demonstrated by using both modulated
over gap radiation and laser pulses at 193 nm, well over the diamond band gap. Linearity with the power light was
demonstrated as well as the parabolic dependence of the photogenerated current on the gate-source voltage when the
transistor is in saturation. The transient response to 193 nm laser pulses in the nanosecond regime shows as the
photogeneration process and charges collection to the drain contact are completed in a time scale of few nanoseconds.
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We investigate the design of binary grating structures, e.g. resonance waveguide filters (RWFs), with
subwavelength feature sizes, taking the temperature dependence of different material parameters into account. Our final
goal is to demonstrate devices with athermal operation. We design the binary grating structures to be made in polymer
substrates, such as polycarbonate (PC), due to their potential for low cost, mass fabrication. The high thermal expansion
coefficient (TEC) of polymers, compared to inorganic optical materials, enhances the thermal sensitivity of the grating
structures. The gratings are designed using Fourier Model Method (FMM) by considering both thermal expansion and
thermo-optic effects on the resonance wavelength shift. The fabrication of RWF structures is proposed by e-beam
lithography, creating a master stamp and copying the structures into a polymer substrate by some replication techniques,
followed by an ALD deposition of TiO2. When the resonance waveguide grating RWG is designed for nearly room
temperature operation at a peak wavelength of 633 nm with a full width half maximum FWHM of 3 nm (TM mode
reflectance), the peak wavelength shifts 0.2 nm /50C when only the TEC is taken into account. However, taking into
account also the thermo-optic coefficients TOCs of PC and TiO2, the peak position shifts to 0.4 nm/ 50C on the opposite
side of spectral central wavelength. Thus the overall shift reduces to 0.2 nm /5 0C, illustrating partial athermalization. It
was also observed that thermo-optic coefficient TOC contributed more significantly than TEC effect. The wavelengths
shift was almost linear with respect to temperature for both effects and showed slopes of 0.0673, 0.0422 and 0.02352 for
TOC, TEC and combined effects, respectively.
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Utilization of the photorefractive effect for creation of the waveguiding region may offer rather cheap, easy, "green"
(chemicals-free) and flexible way to fabricate the waveguiding-based devices for integrated optics in proper media. We
present results of a single waveguide fabrication in LiNbO3:Fe crystal by means of a single Ar+ ion laser beam with
special spatial distribution of intensity. The process of the waveguide creation is, in real time, monitored by means of
Mach-Zehnder interferometer. According to interpretation of the resulting interferogram this allows to control the time of
the exposure needed for reaching the desired difference between the refractive indices of the waveguiding and
surrounding regions. The waveguiding properties of the structure are practically demonstrated.
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Detectors sensitive to ionizing radiations were assembled from high-purity single-crystal diamond plates with Ti/Au
injecting contacts. Spectrally resolved photoconductivity measurements in the range 2-6 eV were used to infer the defect
density in the diamond bulk material using silver contacts. The electrical behavior of annealed Ti/Au contacts was
analyzed in the dark through current-voltage measurements in the range ±500V (104 V/cm). Although contacts appear to
be ohmic in the dark, two different transport regimes were found under x-ray irradiation as a function of the applied bias
voltage. Recombinative regime at low bias and space charge limited injection regime at high bias were evidenced. The
analysis of the photocurrent's module and phase under x-ray modulated irradiation allowed us to highlight
photoconductive gain phenomena mitigated by a Poole-Frenkel field-assisted detrapping process. Through the analysis
of device's impedance under irradiation, a lumped-elements electrical circuit is proposed to explain the detector's
dynamic behavior.
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We investigate collections of Nitrogen-Vacancy (N-V) Centers in diamond crystals coupled to a circuit QED
system of a coplanar waveguide (CPWG) resonator. Our analysis reveals that different symmetry axes oriented
N-V centers in the diamond host can be grouped into bosonic modes of collective quasi-spin wave excitations
so that the hybrid system can be described as an analog of an exciton-polariton type cavity QED model. We
examine such model for quantum state transfer among distinct crystallographic groups of N-V centers in a single
diamond as well as two spatially distant diamonds. Rabi oscillations, mode entanglement, possible use of N-V
classes as spin ensemble qubits and an implementation of continuous-time quantum random walk are discussed.
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In a quasi- zero-average-refractive-index (QZAI) metamaterial, the light scattered out is extremely directive (Δθout =
0.06°), in despite of a divergent source at near infrared wavelength (λ=1.55 mm). In this paper we discuss and
experimentally demonstrate that this is possible when the light is coupled with diffraction order of a grating with
alternating complementary media. The experimental data prove with a high degree of accuracy also the strong vertical
confinement of the beam even in the air region of the metamaterial, where any simple vertical confinement mechanism is
absent. This extremely sensitive device works on a large contact area and open news perspective to integrated
spectroscopy.
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We report on the fabrication and characterization of opal-based photonic crystal heterostructures. These heterostructures
are created by using multilayer deposition of silica and polystyrene spheres. In the specific the fabricated structures
involved both different lattice constant and dielectric function. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and NIR-VIS
transmittance and reflectance spectroscopy are used to characterize the systems. The SEM images show good ordering of
the two-layer colloidal crystals constituting the heterostructures. The transmittance and reflectance spectra measured
from the (111) plane of the heterostructure show that the composite colloidal photonic crystals have double photonic stop
bands that matches the stop bands of the individual photonic crystals. This behaviour can be seen as a superposition of
the properties of each individual layer.
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We describe the development of optical waveguides and adiabatic tapers based on SiON-glasses for a lab-on-chip device
with fluorescence optical detection. Sensing is based on evanescent near-field excitation of biomolecules captured on the
surface of a thin waveguide. First, the composition of SiON waveguides was optimized to reduce losses for visible light.
Waveguides with refractive index of ~1.63 showed propagation losses of ~0.8-0.9 dB/cm at 633 nm. A low loss adiabatic
taper was developed to convert efficiently the light from a multi mode waveguide into a thin mono-modal one. Design of
the taper was done by calculating numerically the transmission efficiency using a finite-difference time-domain method
(FDTD). Simulation results show that losses lower than ~1 dB are obtained for taper lengths of 100 to 300 micron, which
indicates an efficient mode conversion. Based on this, tapers of different lengths were realized by grayscale lithography
and by reactive ion etching. Their optical testing shows best insertion losses of ~1 dB at 633 nm for multimode to
monomode waveguide transitions.
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We demonstrate electro-optical tuning and modulation of the optical resonances of a silicon microsphere placed on an
optical fiber half coupler and immersed in a nematic liquid crystal. The relative refractive index between the microsphere
and the liquid crystal is controlled by an applied external AC electric field. The tuning and modulation of the
microsphere optical resonances is monitored with the transmission and elastic scattering signals.
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The solar cells efficiency may be improved by better exploitation of the solar spectrum, making use of the downconversion
mechanism, where one high energy photon is cut into two low energy photons. The choice of the matrix is
a crucial point to obtain an efficient down-conversion process with rare-earth ions. When energy transfer between rare
earth ions is used to activate this process, high emission and absorption cross sections as well as low cutoff phonon
energy are mandatory. A low phonon energy host lattice reduces non-radiative transition rates leading to the increase of
the luminescent quantum yield and of the energy transfer efficiency. Recently, some studies have demonstrated that
fluoride and oxyfluoride glasses may be valid systems to support an effective quantum cutting process. As a
fluoride material, the relatively low phonon energy, around 600cm-1, of the ZLAG (70ZrF4 23.5LaF3 0.5AlF3 6GaF3 in
mol%) glass makes it highly suitable for applications involving energy transfers. In this study, attention is focused on the
assessment of the energy transfer efficiency between the Pr3+ and Yb3+ ions in bulk fluoride glasses ZLAG.
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Thin silicon rich oxide (SiOx) films were deposited using the LPCVD (Low Pressure Chemical Vapour Deposition)
method. Silane diluted in argon and oxygen were used as the reactant gasses, and the deposition temperature was kept
constant at 570 °C. The films were deposited on silicon (111) and on fused silica substrates. Films with the different
values of the oxygen content were deposited by varying the ratio of the flows of oxygen and silane in the horizontal tube
reactor. The films were characterized in terms on the surface quality (by X-ray specular reflectivity and scanning
electron microscopy) and in terms of the oxygen content x (by time of flight elastic recoil detection analysis). The films
were found to have a very smooth, homogeneous surface and the oxygen content was found to vary from x=0 to x=2 in
dependence on the deposition parameters. The refractive indices of the films were measured both in the visible (405 nm)
and in the infrared (1319 nm and 1542 nm), compared to the values which the Bruggeman's effective medium theory
predicts for such thin films, and were found to be in good agreement. The position of the Si-O stretching peak in the
infrared absorption spectra was used to draw some conclusion about the distribution of the silicon and oxygen atoms
inside the amorphous SiOx matrix. The atoms were found to be inhomogeneously distributed inside the amorphous
matrix, with the average number of oxygen atoms in the vicinity of a given silicon atoms being lower than x.
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Silicon oxynitride (SiON) films have been found to possess extremely useful properties for optical applications. In
optoelectronics, a major advantage of this material is the ability to tune the refractive index from 1.45 to 2.00,
allowing designers the flexibility to custom tailor and optimize the refractive index value in the targeted optical
device. In addition, its minimum allowable bending radius is much lower compared to other silica materials. This
opens up the possibility of miniaturizing integrated photonic systems. Moreover, silicon oxynitride prepared using
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) can be deposited at high growth rates while exhibiting
good homogeneity with wide refractive index tuning range making it a well-suited core layer for planar waveguide
technologies and microphotonic devices. In this research work, the deposition process and the properties of SiON
are discussed. The obtained refractive index as well as the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis are
highlighted. Furthermore, FTIR results as a function of the process parameters are presented and their influence on
the film properties is discussed.
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Polymers are important materials in fabrication of photonics devices due to their good optical properties, such as, high
transmittivity, versatile processability also at low temperatures allowing potential for low-cost fabrication. A critical
requirement in the fabrication of integrated optical devices has been selecting a most suitable method for patterning the
ridge bounding the optical mode in the waveguide. In this paper, we discuss a UV-imprint fabrication of polymeric
single-mode waveguides with different configurations: ridge type, inverted rib type and layered composite waveguides.
A ridge waveguide type consists of a strip waveguide superimposed onto a slab waveguide made of the same material.
When patterning a ridge by imprinting technique, a residual layer is formed underneath the imprinted ridges. A too thick
residual layer might cause a loss of propagation mode due to power leakage to the slab guide, which might require a
subsequent etching step. In inverted rib waveguide structure, a groove of cladding material is patterned by imprinting.
This is followed by the filling of the groove with a core material. From the imprint fabrication point of view, the
fabrication tolerances can be relaxed because the residual slab layer underneath the waveguide can have arbitrary
thickness. Besides fabrication of above mentioned waveguide structures, we also investigate the possibility to produce
composite waveguide devices by depositing inorganic thin films with high-refractive index on UV-imprinted polymeric
structures with low-refractive. The purpose to use composite structures is to manipulate the optical field distribution in
waveguides.
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Miniaturization of photonic devices is required by various applications such as data storage and processing, optical
communications, and metrology. This request can be met by new optical designs, miniaturized components, and
advanced packaging technologies. Design, assembly, and characterization of a miniaturized photonic wavelength-division
multiplexing (WDM) device for optical measurements are presented. The device features the use of gradient
index lenses (GRIN-lens) and the utilization of an adhesive free, laser-based joining technology. Solderjet Bumping
offers flux-free soldering in a localized inert nitrogen atmosphere with minimized input of thermal energy, thus allowing
for the joining of fragile materials such as glass or brittle ceramics. The proposed system design consists of a system
platform made of borofloat BF33 with a footprint of approx. 30x20 mm2. Mechanical stops also made of borofloat glass,
fiber-ferrules with a length of approx. 5 mm, and GRIN-lenses with a length of 4.05 mm are attached to the base-plate by
solder joints. The solder process uses tin-silver-copper (Sn3Ag0.5Cu) solder spheres with a diameter of 200, 400, and
760 μm. A fiber-to-fiber coupling efficiency of 72 % is demonstrated using uncoated components.
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A diffusion process controlled modelling of Titanium-indiffused Lithium Niobate (Ti: LiNbO3) channel waveguides
(of μm dimension) for Machzehnder Interferometer (MZI) switch has been presented. The effect of various
indiffusion process parameters e.g. dopant strip thickness, lateral and vertical diffusion length on the insertion loss has
been taken care of, to reduce the switch losses. Transition losses in the curved waveguides of the structure are also
minimized by selecting low loss bend structures to increase overall performance of the switch. The computed results
for switch performance are in good agreement with the published data.
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Dual-broadband pure rotational CARS (RCARS) is nowadays a well-developed gas phase measurement technique.
Nevertheless there are challenges for technical applications due to stray light interference, soot emission or droplets.
Beside this for diffusion flames also a strong, unknown and varying non-resonant background signal is contributing to
the CARS signal. Possible applications of time-resolved pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for
different applications are demonstrated and its potential of for gas-phase thermometry is investigated. The field of
application covers studies on flame research especially sooting flames as well as its use in technical combustion systems
e.g., for the determination of the gas-phase temperature in the vaporizing spray of a GDI injector. A new advantageous
approach by using picosecond (ps) laser sources as a diagnostic tool is also demonstrated. By time-delaying the ps probe
laser beam problems due to stray light interference, soot emission or droplets can be reduced tremendously of even
eliminated.
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The paper presents a CMOS sensor array for the detection of speckle movements, for applications requiring
accurate movement tracking of arbitrary surfaces. The array is made of eight sensors incorporating each a
spatial comb filter with a pitch of 2.8μm so as to be direction-sensitive to the movement of speckles with
corresponding direction and spatial frequency, defined by the optical geometry of the system. The circuit is used
with an array of micro-lenses placed between the sensor and the laser-illuminated surface. With speckle statistics
(contrast, size) being independent on the surface properties, the detection works on virtually any surface. The
system is operated at a sampling frequency of 64kHz. Integrated into a 180nm CMOS process, the circuit
active area occupies 1.9mm2 and consumes 290μW at full speed, allowing a maximal stable tracking speed of
the surface of 0.25 m/s and a tracking accuracy of about 5μm.
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We propose a simple and innovative diffractive method for circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. It enables real-time
measurements and suppress the artifacts introduced by anisotropic specimens and nonideal optical elements in
conventional CD spectrometers. The method is based on a single cycloidal optical axis grating and takes advantage of its
peculiar optical diffraction behavior. We prove that the true CD spectrum of a general anisotropic medium could be
measured in the spectral range of interest, exploiting unpolarized white light and the intrinsic spectral selectivity of the
grating. Two experimental approaches have been pursued to create the cycloidal optical axis grating, both based on
polarization holography and liquid crystal photoaligning technology. The gratings are replicas of the polarization
holograms in thin-films of azodyes, either in low molar mass liquid crystal cells or in reactive mesogen layers.
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We investigated the properties of a triangular microresonator using the total internal reflection (TIR) mirrors with a
long evanescent field around the critical angle. For the sensitivity analysis, we have calculated the mirror offset due to
the Goos-Hänchen effect and the resonance shift of the triangular resonator with the refractive index change of the outer
region in the TIR mirror. The mirror offset is increased up to 0.8 μm for the transverse electric (TE) polarization and
2.0 μm for the transverse magnetic (TM) polarization to the incident angle of 18°. Then, the resonance shift of 417 pm
for the TM polarized light and 34 pm for the TE polarized light were observed, respectively, by changing the refractive
index of 4×10-5. The measured extinction ratio of triangular ring resonator was about 6 dB near 1550 nm, in where the
incidence angle of the TIR mirror inside the resonator was 18°.
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Optical resonances are observed in the elastic light scattering form high refractive index glass microspheres placed on a
single mode optical fiber coupler and in a liquid crystal. Placing the liquid crystal on the optical fiber coupler increases
the non-resonant scattering, whereas placing the liquid crystal away from the optical coupler increases the resonant
scattering. Optical resonances blue and red shift due to the placement and removal of the liquid crystal.
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For the use in cost-effective optical interconnection of
opt-electronic printed wiring boards (OE-PWBs), we have
developed novel optical interconnect devices and coupling methods simplifying board to board optical interconnect. All
these are based on the self-written waveguide (SWW) technology by the mask-transfer method with light-curable resin.
This method enables fabrication of arrayed M × N optical channels at one shot of UV light. Very precise patterns, as an
example, optical rod with diameters of 50μm to 500μm, can be easily fabricated. The length of the fabricated patterns ,,
typically up to about 1000μm , can be controlled by a spacer placed between the photomask and the substrate.
Using these technologies, several new optical interfaces have been demonstrated. These are a chip VCSEL with an
optical output rod and new coupling methods of "plug-in" alignment and "optical socket" based on SWW.
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