This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 11369, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Author and Conference Committee lists.

Laser speckle has received extensive studies in its basic properties and wide applications. In the majority of research on speckle phenomena, these random optical fields have been treated as scalar optical fields, and the main interest has been in the statistical properties together with applications of the intensity distribution of the speckle patterns. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the statistical properties of random electric vector fields referred to as polarization speckle with spatially varying polarization state. Statistical phenomena of random electric vector fields with their close relevance to the theories of speckles, polarization and coherence theory have come to attract emerging interest due to their importance in a variety of areas for practical applications such as biomedical optics, remote sensing, astronomical observation and optical metrology. In this paper, we investigate the dynamic polarization speckle generated by a moving rough-surfaced retardation plate and present an exact analytical expression for the space-time lagged correlation for the stochastic fields within the framework of ABCD matrix theory (Canonical Transforms). General expressions are derived for the spot size, the mean polarization speckle size, the temporal coherence length, and the peak shift of the temporal correlation. Some interesting phenomena associated with dynamic polarization speckle have been predicted including polarization speckle boiling and polarization speckle translation. A general description of these phenomena has been given for arbitrary complex-valued ABCD optical systems.

In this paper the method of Mueller matrix elements measuring by polarization states modulation is considered. This method allows to facilitate research in comparison with the classical method. Using of tanning beams with opposite polarization states makes it possible to measure and compensate systematic errors of experimental setup that arise due to the presence of defects of polarization elements. The use of the results of this paper for investigation of polarization active media is promising.

The spatial resolution for polarization imaging system under illumination of any light source with arbitrary polarization and coherence has been investigated. Based on new factors referred to as the degree of polarization coherence, the resolution for polarization imaging has been studied as possible separations of two points in Stokes parameters with criteria charactering the accuracy of polarimetric images. Under the same illumination condition, these two closely spaced points resolvable for certain Stokes parameter will become unresolved for other Stokes parameters.

The use of carbon particles for the correlation and optical diagnostics of speckle fields obtained by diffraction on a surface with a roughness is suggested in this research. The optical properties of carbon nanoparticles, such as luminescence and absorption in the visible spectrum, as well as particle sizes of about hundreds nanometers, are the determining criteria for using these particles as an optical field probe. The obtained optical speckle field was analyzed by a 2D Hilbert transform to restore the phase of the entire object with high accuracy.

The work is devoted to the study of the optical properties of carbon nanoparticles synthesized by the method developed during our experimental studies. The optimal conditions for the creation of carbon nanostructures with predetermined properties are defined. Nanoparticles of the size of about 100 nm were obtained, the maximum of absorption of which is localized at wavelengths in the violet-blue region of the spectrum, while the maximum of luminescence – in the green region of the spectrum. The assumption is made about the possibility of using the obtained particles for correlation diagnostics of optical speckle fields.

Influence of elastically-stressed state on polarization and electronic parameters of Fe- and Ni- based amorphous ribbons were studied by spectroellipsometric method within the infrared hv = 0.2 – 0.6 eV. The ellipsometric parameters Δ and Ψ were measured at for azimuthal directions in own plane of the samples. It was found that dependence of dielectric function is Drude-like one within the infrared for Ni₇₈Si₈B₁₄ ribbon. The parameters of the electronic subsystem, namely plasma frequency ωp and frequency of relaxation γ of the ribbons were found as depending on the azimuthal angle using the functions F₁ – F₃ based on the Drude relationship. These functions are linear dependences on the square of the frequency ω of the incident light or the light wavelength λ. It was found that plasma and relaxation frequencies decrease at two successive azimuthal rotations of the ribbon in its own plane. Consequently, the number of electrons becomes smaller, but the mobility of charge carriers increases. Such difference in the parameters behavior of the electronic subsystem indicates an induced anisotropy of the Ni₇₈Si₈B₁₄ ribbon due to stress in its surface layer. The obtained difference in the behavior of the dependences of the real part of dielectric function ε₁(Е) for both sides of the Fe₇₇Ni₁Si₉B₁₃ ribbon is explained by the specific features of the dynamic characteristics of the conduction electrons with Fermi energy.

The article contains the results of investigation of influence of nanoparticle's shape on stochastization and complexity of scattered field. Stochastization and complexity of the radiation scattered at different angles for the horizontal and vertical polarization of the input beam were calculated. As result of the examination it has become apparent that both stochastization and complexity of the fluctuations of scattered field depend on the angle of scattering and polarization of the laser beam and allow us to qualitatively evaluate the sphericity of the particles. To quantify the chaos and complexity, the Lyapunov's maximal index and correlation exponent of fluctuations of the intensity of the field of scattered coherent optical radiation were utilized, respectively.

In most cases, the definition of artificial intelligence implies the ability of a machine to imitate human behavior. In the development of artificial intelligence, an important element is algorithms. It is the algorithms that make the system smart. Currently the questions being raised about the way society is structured with regard to data use and data privacy, data sharing. Effective methods of developing functional artificial intelligence is to based on the architecture of the brain. The ubiquity of the internet and smartphone prevalence around the world means that within the next decade or two, nearly every person on earth will have access to artificial intelligence. The paper discusses the correlation identification algorithm in artificial intelligence systems. The paper describes the structure of the algorithm for mutual identification of intelligent systems. The algorithm is based on the advantages of the SmtLoq technology. The problems of the formation of separate subsystems in a common set of integrated intellectual systems are considered.

Optical correlation technique of cement particle size distribution determining is described. It is based on transverse coherent function measuring using a polarization transverse shearing interferometer. It is shown that set of particles with random form can be substituted with set of spherical particles. This result was obtained by simulation of different particles sets with different forms and orientations.

This paper is devoted to processing of speckle field images dynamics during coherent light scattering by the cement surface in the process of hydration (hardening). Experimentally obtained set of images were processed by Fourier transform. Result was evaluated and it allows fast and accurate determining of concrete hardening stages by optical method.

The structure of spectral distribution of the radiation power of the synchrotron-Cherenkov radiation of one, two, three, and four electrons moving in a spiral in a transparent medium with relativistic longitudinal velocity component (the component parallel to the magnetic induction vector) is researched. The influence of the coherence factor on the spectrum of synchrotron-Cherenkov radiation for two, three, and four electrons is analyzed.

A novel simple autonomous optoelectronic circuit that demonstrate chaotic behavior is presented. In this circuit a lightemitting diode is a simple optoelectronic element. The mathematical model that contain exponential nonlinearity and six terms with two parameters is described by three first-order ordinary differential equations. A great interest is the simulation that using different software environments allows to demonstration different information properties of chaotic oscillations. For modelling of information properties of the chaotic system and demonstrate results was selected one of the modern software LabView (LabView-2015 (32-bit version for Windows). Temporal dependence of the system is discussed, the chaotic attractors are found and the signal spectrum is given.

In this article, the coherent optical spectrum analyzer (COSA), which consists of a spatial light modulator, a Fourier lens and a digital camera is explored. Spatial resolution (spatial spectral resolution), which is determined by the parameters of the components of the spectrum analyzer is one of the main characteristics of the COSA. The analysis of the COSA model allowed to develop a method for calculating the spatial spectral resolution taking into account the phase position of the diffraction maximums relative to the pixels of the matrix detector. When the modulator is illuminated with an inclined plane wave, the resolution of the spectrum analyzer can be doubled. The influence of modulator parameters and lens aberrations on the spectrum analyzer resolution is investigated.

Magnetic properties of AA and AB stacked bilayers were investigated by means of Monte Carlo technique based on Metropolis algorithm within Ising-like model. A higher values of blocking temperature for AB stacked bilayer was obtained, which indicates that AB nano-graphene bilayer is more energetically beneficial compared to AA stacked. Transition between ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases of the considered types of bilayers, was established. This makes such nanosystems promising in sensor applications (magnetic field sensors) and spintronics. Hysteresis near absolute zero temperature for ferromagnetic case was obtained, the existence of which strongly depends on the values of exchange interaction and temperature. Obtained results of computer simulation agree with theoretical and experimental ones of other authors.

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the state of physical (optical) science, highlighting the prospects for the further development of the most relevant trends that are embodied in communication systems, micro- and nanobiology, nanomedicine, high-tech communication devices, macro- and microphysics.

Theoretical approach for the red blood cell (erythrocyte) motion, controlled by the action of evanescent wave, generated by the total internal reflection at the inner cell surface, is proposed. Model situation describing the conditions for transverse motion of erythrocyte caused by the transverse spin momentum is presented. Motion peculiarities of a red blood cell in an isotonic solution depending on illumination conditions are estimated. Considered approach enables to expand the possibilities for the microobjects motion control in biomedical applications.

Theoretical approach of the mechanical action modelling, based on the interaction of the evanescent wave, arising due to the total internal reflection (TIR) at the birefringent microplate-air interface, with the surface roughness, is proposed. The value of optical forces, caused by spin and orbital momentum of evanescent wave, generated by linearly polarized incident wave with the azimuth of polarization of ±45° is estimated. Conditions for which the action of transverse component of optical force is significant are determined. The proposed approach spread the possibilities of optical manipulation of microand nanoobjects in near field.

We introduce a definition of 2N-order polarization and apply this definition for analysis of general effects of the anisotropy of optical radiation. As an initial definition, we use a set of polarization matrices of order 2N, which are considered as statistical means of the Kronecker N-fold second-order tensors: g^[1,1]= E⁺ ⊗E. Evidently, this set contains all paired mixed moments of polarization components, thus determining all possible polarization properties of the above-defined field. Furthermore, any unitary (non-depolarizing) transform in Jones vector space corresponds to the unitary transform of polarization matrix of higher orders, and therefore does not change polarization of any order. This notion allows us to determine a degree of polarization P^[N] for higher order using invariants of unitary transforms of a corresponding polarization matrix. The concept of higher order polarization is applied to the problems of photon counting, intensity interferometry and nonlinear optics.

An interference method for measuring relative phase shift between orthogonally linearly polarized beams at total internal reflection with accuracy of 0.6 rad was proposed at this paper. We experimentally showed that it is impossible to determine the relative longitudinal displacement between beams with orthogonal linear polarizations at total internal reflection by the phase difference in the interferometer. The method developed by us could be useful in measurement of the reflected beam phase, to control the surface homogeneity, and to measure the refraction index of the prism.

In the study of low-temperature (T = 77 K) luminescence of anionic, cationic and neutral-typel dyes adsorbed on the surface of AgHal microcrystals in molecular, H- and J-aggregated states, electron-hole processes are revealed that are responsible for the anti-Stokes anomalously slowed-down fluorescence and phosphorescence of the molecular dye upon its j-aggregate excitation. Based on the results obtained, a luminescent technique is proposed that enables to control the interactions processes between molecular and polymolecular forms of dyes of the three charge states. These processes are responsible for the "self-desensitization", and ways to reduce the negative impact of the "self-desensitization" effects are considered.

A full comparative analysis of the chain of phase singularities generated when a quasi-plane wave and a Gaussian beam pass a double-phase-ramp (DPR) converter is presented based on the theoretical and experimental data. The overall output beam structure includes a system of interrelated optical vortices (OVs) whose linear trajectories form a threedimensional singular skeleton which can be applied for the trapping and guiding of microparticles. An internal structure of each individual phase singularity is characterized by the OV topological charge and by the morphology parameters of the equal intensity ellipses in the OV-core area. The rectilinear equidistant OV trajectories form a chain in the transverse cross section, and their identical morphology parameters can be useful for the applications to metrology and micromanipulation. As a separate result, we consider the DPR-induced transformations of the incident Laguerre-Gaussian beams of the lowest orders and show that the incident multicharged OVs are transformed into small sub-chains of the OVs located in the near-axial region.

The rotating point spread function (PSF) is an effective tool with a various applications in the modern optics. In the optical system with the established rotating PSF, a point-like object is imaged as a rotationally asymmetrical diffractive spot and the longitudinal object translation is transformed to the image rotation. The rotating PSF can be implemented to a standard imaging system by a specially designed mask composed of annular apertures with a spiral phase modulation and the resulting rotation effect is achieved by a superposition of generated optical vortices. Obviously, a numerical algorithm enabling evaluation of the PSF angular orientation plays the key role in the digital processing of the detected rotating PSF. The aim of this work is an analysis of selected numerical methods for the rotating point spread function evaluation.

Beam colouring effects traversing a different light-scattering medium based on liquid crystals experimental investigations are presented. It was first time shown that the result of the beam colouring at the medium output depends on the singly forward scattered partial signals phase delays magnitudes. Colouring effects spectral investigation has been carried out using both nematic liquid crystals with carbon nanotubes and the solution of liquid crystal in a polymer matrix which was previously investigated. The non-scattered and the singly forward scattered interfering components amplitude ratio significantly affects the colour intensity in both samples. It has further been established that the spectral content of the illuminating beam strongly influences the colour of the resulting radiation. The colouring effect significant increase has been achieved due to the injection of carbon nanotubes, as well as the sensitivity of the liquid crystal to the control electric field has increased.

The slit diffraction of circular OV beams is studied both theoretically and by experiment, with explicit involvement of the incident beam convergence or divergence (finite value of the wavefront curvature radius). Based on the example of Laguerre-Gaussian mode with zero radial index and non-zero azimuthal index m we confirm that the far-field diffraction pattern contains exactly |m| bright lobes elongated orthogonally to the slit (which was reported previously) and show that the far-field profile possesses an asymmetry with respect to the slit axis depending on the wavefront curvature (which is a new result). Being combined, these features enable simple and efficient means for the simultaneous express diagnostics of the magnitude and the sign of the OV topological charge, which can be useful in many OV applications, including the OV-assisted metrology and information processing.

We present a formula for classical solutions for time- and space-fractional kinetic equation (also known as fractional diffusion equation) and deviation time variable is given in terms of the Fox’s H-function, using the step by step method. This equations describe fractal properties of real data arising in applied fields such as turbulence, hydrology, ecology, geographic, air pollution, economics and finance.

The transverse energy fluxes (both instantaneous and averaged) arising under the superposition of two quasi-plane waves are considered in this paper. The case of superposition when the frequencies of the interacting beams are different is analyzed. The cases of superposition of coaxial orthogonally (linearly and circularly) polarized waves are considered. The mechanisms of forming the distribution of characteristics of the resulting averaged transverse component of the Poynting vector are established. The data of computer simulation are presented.

Because the luminescence of scintillator by X-ray irradiation scatters, the spatial resolution of scintillator type imaging detector is not so high. The silicon substrate was procced to make small pixel holes by microfabrication technique. The pixel holes can completely obtain optical separation for visible light as a result of X-ray scintillation. And, it is easy to increase the size of silicon substrate and we can get this large size silicon wafers up to diameter of 30 cm with high precision semiconductor process. In this paper, the purpose is evaluation the scintillator with Si pixel collimator as a scintillator type X-ray imaging detector. First, the conditions for deposition the scintillator into the pixel holes were confirmed. For this purpose, the measurements that evaluate property of CsI:Tl were conducted such as ICP, XRD, spectrometer. From this measurement, the conditions of deposition CsI:Tl were determined. Next, CsI:Tl was deposited with this condition and irradiated X-ray. The spatial frequency of light emission at this time was evaluate by edge method using tungsten plate. From this result, the deposition of the scintillator in the Si pixel structures using the melting method led to the improvement of the spatial resolution of the scintillator type X-ray imaging detector.

A three-dimensional model was generated from an object picked-up by an RGB-D camera, and the threedimensional model generated was arranged in a computer. For the three-dimensional model, the image was picked-up by the two-dimensional camera array in which the fixation viewpoint was set, and the multi-view stereoscopic image was taken. In the setting of the picking-up parameter of the multi-view stereoscopic image, the region which minimizes the spatial distortion in the two-dimensional camera array was calculated beforehand. The pixel position conversion was carried out on the multi-view stereoscopic image taken by the calculated parameter, and the element image was generated on the LCD, and the three-dimensional model of the outside object by integral photography was able to be displayed.

The wavefront distortions in a digitally recorded HOE which has the property of a spherical mirror is measured with a Shack-Hartmann wave front sensor to estimate its functional performance. The performance is compared with those in the reconstructed image from Fresnel zone patterns which are displayed on DMDs of different pixel shapes, and with an analog type HOE and a Spherical mirror. The distortion distributions from these samples are not too different from each other. All are revealing spherical mirror properties, though the mirror quality is not the same. This informs that the HOE really work as a spherical mirror. However, the focused beam size of the HOE is much bigger than those of other samples.

The microgeometry of the paper surface in the watermark area and beyond was investigated using an optical non-contact contactless profilometer. This made it possible to obtain quantitative characteristics of the surface roughness of the studied paper samples, to measure the height and depth of relief, to obtain the distribution of projections by area, as well as to construct a 2-D and 3-D images of the surface, to observe the interference images of the paper surface in white and in monochromatic light. It has been found that the structural parameters of the surface of the protected paper are not the same for areas with and without watermarks. The results of the interference-based measurement make it possible to determine promptly the roughness indices that are subsequently used to determine the surface quality of the paper and to calculate the strength of the ink layer in areas of paper without watermark and with a negative watermark. The constructed 3-D profiles of the paper surface clearly demonstrate the size and number of randomly arranged fibers and filler particles in the paper pulp in the watermark area and beyond, on a given scan path.

A probabilistic model for the interaction of light beam with a color imprint was developed; the probability of scattering, reflection, absorption and transmission of light beam by components of imprint is investigated.

The values of the optical density of prints and reverse side on the areas with and without watermarks were obtained with different amount of ink. Correlation analysis of the interconnection between the structural characteristics of the paper and the optical characteristics of the print and its return revealed the likelihood of interaction of light beam with the structural elements of paper and ink.

Wavefront sensing techniques with local slopes measurement (the Shack-Hartmann sensor or the similar one based on the Talbot effect) involve a reference wave, which is supposed to be of well-known shape (plane or spherical). But sometimes the reference wave can’t be formed easily, for example, in X-ray measurements. A reference-free wavefront reconstruction based on the Talbot sensor is discussed in the paper. The spot images are formed in several sequential planes due to the Talbot effect. It allows reconstruct the wave front from two object images in nearby planes without a reference. The self-reproduction phenomenon takes place in a wide wavelength range, so field of use of the Talbot sensor can be significantly expanded. Experimental results of the reference-free reconstruction of a 2nd order aberration of optical wave have been compared with the classical approaches for the Shack-Hartmann and Talbot sensors.

The results of experimental and theoretical estimation of properties of the position-sensitive photo-thermoelectric temperature sensor based on the modified photoresistor, for which the optical radiation of visible range was used, are presented. In particular, the temperature sensitivity of the studied position-sensitive photo-thermoelectric temperature sensor was estimated experimentally. Factors that can influence the properties of the investigated position-sensitive photo-thermoelectric temperature sensor and the results of temperature measurements using this sensor and the corresponding electromagnetic radiation used for the operation of this sensor are analyzed.

The interaction of non-absorbent materials (PVC, PS, films etc.) with the testing inks was researched. Measurements of the imprint's optical characteristics were taken depending on the inks and substrate and its morphology. The research of mentioned parameters is required while creating absolutely new materials to be a printing surface and testing system "printing material-ink". These measurements allow determining the possibility of current existing materials use in a particular technological process of printing. The relationship between printed surface wetting and its technical-printing parameters is determined. The interaction of the ―printed surface - ink‖ system is predicted. The component pairs mutual influence onto the printing process is determined. The possibility to ensure the normalized color difference and optical characteristics of imprints was taken into account.

The intaglio printing is a security process and one of the obligatory ways to protect banknotes and other types of securities in majority of the world countries. One of distinguishing features of the intaglio printing process is that ink layer thickness transferred to substrate can be varied from 20 up to 200 μm. The aim of the investigation is to ascertain the correlation between ink layer formation and technological parameters of the intaglio printing process and to establish the best ink transferring condition. The designed and manufactured by the technology of direct laser engraving (DLE) model printing plate with various geometrical parameters of engraved printing elements. The samples surface topography was investigated using contact profiling and non-contact 3D light interferometry methods in combination. The resulting 2D images allow to get a 3D reconstruction of the surface. The average layer thickness values of printed strokes is about 21 μm using the SWA of engraved printing elements angle Kw=53°, while this value is about 29 μm using the sidewall angle of engraved printing elements angle Kw=90°. 3D light interferometry profiling made possible to prove and visible nonsymmetrical view of intaglio ink layers. It was observed that when the SWA of engraved printing elements increase the values of contact angles is increasing too – from 43° to 47° (left contact angle) and from 32° to 35° (right contact angle).

In this paper we report on practical investigations aimed at failure detection of the integrated optical circuits (IOC) on Silicon substrate during the control measurements of the items in use. Experiments are performed with a near-infrared (1064 nm) digital holographic microscope (≈90×magnification) in transmission mode. The instrument provides non-destructive and fast (<380 ms reconstruction time for 4112×3008 pixels images) data analysis at the diffraction-limited accuracy (lateral resolution of 760 nm). High quality of the instrument performance is shown on example of topography reconstruction of a standard glass-substrate test target. Practical applicability of the approach was proven on example of diffractive input elements of the IOCs designed for sensing purposes.

Quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry (QLSI) is well established phase imaging technique. Information about phase distribution within this method is encoded into complex pattern of intensity distribution. So called difference fronts are then extracted via fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique and optimally merged with various integration algorithms, depending on character of measured phase distribution. QLSI experiment is typically build with the use of dedicated shearing device, based on combination of special amplitude grating with phase chessboard. In our experiment, we perform the diffractive shear through phase spatial light modulator (SLM), which also serves as known in advance phase test. In this context, we present a comparison of measurement results with the use of different illumination sources.

It is theoretically proved the possibility of spectral selection of optical signal using the Michelson interferometer, one of the mirrors of which moves, providing the time variation of the path difference of one of beams of the interferometer according to a sawtooth law. It is shown that even a small displacement of the movable mirror (on the order a wavelength), at a predetermined controlled speed, due to the selective amplification of the received total power of the signal allows to detect the spectral density of optical radiation of a specified wavelength and to expand spectral range of the measurements, consistently changing, while maintaining the linearity of the offset mirrors, the speed of its movement. The limit value of the resolving power of the spectrometer is calculated, which in the optical range is 10³ - 10⁴ Hz, and is associated with the value of the time constant of the amplifier.

At present, there is practically no analysis of the scientific and technical literature on the accuracy of the operation of devices and systems (apparatus). Disparate materials do not form a complete picture, which complicates both the terminological, methodological and methodical basis of the question. For this reason, we believe that this post will form the basis of discussions on the topic and will further generate scientific and methodological material for students, engineers and researchers.

Using the effective mass model for an electron within the layers of a nanosystem and rectangular potential wells and barriers for the effective potential of a GaN/AlN resonant tunneling structure, analytical solutions of the Schrödinger equation are obtained. The theory of a stationary electronic spectrum and wave functions of an electron is developed. Using the elastic continuum model, exact solutions of the equations describing the elastic displacement of the semiconductor medium of the studied nanostructure are obtained. Using these solutions, the theory of acoustic modes of the nanosystem has been developed. Using the Hamiltonian of acoustic phonons and electrons in the representation of secondary quantization, the quantummechanical theory of electron scattering on acoustic phonons is developed. Using the parameters of the nanosystem under study, based on the analysis of the poles of the Green's function, the displacements of the electronic spectrum associated with acoustic phonons at T = 0 К are obtained.

The results of investigation of optical and electrical properties of p-Cu₂FeSnS₄ thin polycrystalline films obtained by spray pyrolysis of aqueous solutions of salts of CuCl₂∙2H₂O, FeCl₃∙6H₂O and SnCl₄∙5H₂O and (NH₂)₂CS are presented. On the basis of the analysis of the light absorption spectra, the optical band gap of the films E_g ≈ 1.72 eV was determined and the dynamics of its change during thermal treatment under low vacuum conditions (0.1 Pa). The conductivity activation energies (E_a = 0.75 eV) and the height of the energy barriers between the grain boundaries (E_b = 0.07 eV) are determined from the temperature dependences of the electrical conductivity.

The electrical and photoelectric properties of thin-film CdS/Cd_1-xMg_xTe (x = 0-0.07) solar cells are investigated. The measured I-V characteristics of the heterostructures are described in terms of well-known theoretical models. The quantum efficiency spectra are analyzed taking into account the drift and diffusion components, recombination on the front and rear surfaces of the Cd_1-xMg_xTe absorber layer. Comparison of the calculation results with the experimental data allows to determine the main parameters of the Cd_1-xMg_xTe layer and diode structure.

General soiling is the main reason for withdrawing banknotes from circulation. Optical characteristics are fundamental for determining deterioration during automated banknote sorting. A comparative study of the results of the Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH) banknote sorting by optical characteristics was conducted for banknotes withdrawn in 2009, 2012 and 2017. If in 2009 and 2012 due to general soiling, which is the main reason for the withdrawal of circulation for banknotes, 89,19% of the Ukrainian hryvnia were withdrawn from circulation, then in 2017 this figure has decreased already to 50%, depending on the denomination. Thus, the determined before and implemented the direction of priority research and development to increase the durability of the UAH - increasing the resistance to general soiling - has significantly improved the durability of UAH notes, since for other currencies the withdrawing due to the general soiling is 64 - 81%. It was found that the use of processing complexes allows to reliably assess the quality of the banknotes, although there are certain problems: there is a mistake not taking into account the simultaneous presence of various types of damage on one note and the return to circulation of deteriorated banknotes and unjustified removal of circulation of suitable banknotes due to an erroneous assessment of their status to be deteriorated.

The influence of the polytypical structure of GaSe on the shape of the EPR spectra of the gadolinium impurity in the Gd³⁺ state has been investigated. It is shown that in a layered crystal at impurity concentration of about 10¹⁸ cm^-3 at least three types of paramagnetic centers appear. The presence of nonequivalent positions of the Gd³⁺ ion is explained by the presence of polytypic modifications in GaSe. It was revealed that the introduction of a paramagnetic impurity into the crystal significantly expands the NQR spectrum.

The results of investigation of optical and electrical properties of thin films of р-(3ZnTe)_0.5(In2Te3)_0.5 obtained by thermal evaporation and heterostructures based on them are presented in the paper. On the basis of the analysis of the spectra of light absorption, the optical width of the band gap and its dependence on the sputtering mode is determined. The heterostructures of n-Si/p-(3ZnTe)_0.5(In2Te3)_0.5 and n-CdTe/p-(3ZnTe)_0.5(In2Te3)_0.5 were obtained and they have straightening properties. Based on the analysis of the temperature dependences of the I-V characteristics, the presence of a tunneling mechanism of electron motion at forward and reverse bias through the energy barrier of the heterojunction is established.

The conditions for the production of rectifying heterostructures p-Сu₂ZnSnSe₄/n-CdTe by the method of RF-magnetron sputtering of Сu₂ZnSnSe₄ films onto crystalline substrates n-CdTe were investigated. Mechanisms of forming direct and reverse currents through the heterojunction were set based on the analysis of temperature dependences of I-V characteristics. It is established that the heterostructure generates idle voltage V_OC = 0.42 V, short-circuit current I_SC = 0.175 mA/cm² and the fill factor FF = 0.4 when illuminated at 80 mW/cm².

Current paper considers light focusing through strongly scattering medium using binary amplitude modulation of the incident light. The focusing was performed using a simple sequential algorithm. It consisted of the successive estimation of the influence of every pixel of the spatial light modulator on the intensity of the focal spot and making the decision on its target state. Also, noise characteristics of the imaging system camera-frame-grabber were estimated with further investigation of their influence on the focusing quality. Modulation of the incident light was performed by the liquid crystal spatial light modulator. For more efficient usage of the incident beam energy, pixels were combined in groups (so-called superpixels) and were controlled as one separate segment. We estimated the influence of the size of superpixel on the intensity enhancement in the focal spot maintaining the constant size of the illuminated area. The focusing at different distances behind the sample was performed. It was shown that the size of the focal spot at small focusing distances is determined by the properties of the imaging system lens. Starting from some certain distance, the size of the focal spot depends on the focusing distance and the size of the illuminated area of the sample. Hence, the scattering medium operates like a lens.

An analytical approach for determine the acoustic phonon dispersion relation in the qusi-2D nanosystems such as flat ultra-thin flat films is represented there. Method is based on the representation the components of polarization vectors for all possible phonon branches in the film of finite thickness as appropriate Fourier series. This made it possible to establish the analytical dependencies of energy on the frequency for all branches of the acoustic phonon spectrum in ultra-thin films. Such results can allow an analytical investigations of the electron spectra transformations that caused by electrons interaction with acoustic phonons in the ultra-thin films by variation of their thicknesses.

The graphical-analytical method was used to find the solution of the inverse problem in ellipsometry for the system consisting of a transparent single-layer dielectric film on the Cd_1-xMn_xTe crystal substrate. The nomograms in the φ-Δ ellipsometric coordinates were simulated to determine the refractive index of the film and its thickness for different incidence angles of the laser beam with 632.8 nm wavelength. The treatment of the Cd_1-xMn_xTe (х=0.1-0.4) thin films and crystal surfaces was carried out with the millisecond (τ=1.5 ms) and nanosecond (τ=80 ns) laser. The structuralphase transformations of the films and layers in the Cd-Mn-Te system were studied in the AFM and SEM, and their ellipsometric characteristics were determined using photometric laser ellipsometer. The heterogeneity of the thickness and structure of the laser-modified Cd_1-xMn_xTe surface layers were analyzed using calculated distribution of the refractive index of the films and its dependence on the incidence angle of the laser beam.

Chromium nitride (Cr_xN) thin films were deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering at different ratios between partial pressures of nitrogen. Electrical and optical properties of the thin films were investigated. Temperature dependences of the resistance R of the Cr_xN films were measured within the temperature range T ÷ 295-420 K. Based on the dependences α² = f(hν), the presence of direct allowed interband optical transitions in the Cr_xN thin films is established and the optical band gap values are determined for all sample before and after annealing.

This work presents the results of investigation of crystal structure of yttrium iron garnet films of different thickness using high-resolution X-ray diffractometry data and simulation of X-ray intensity distributions in the vicinity of the reciprocal lattice points by the Monte Carlo approach. The parameters of films column microstructure are determined and substantiated, and the model of their defective structure as systems of two types of dislocations with different directions of the Burgers vector is proposed.

The degree of structural perfection of CdTe:Cl single crystals was estimated by methods of high-resolution Xray diffractometry. Two possible systems of dislocations that consists of two sets of complete 60-degree dislocations and Frank partial dislocations were investigated with the use of Krivoglaz kinematic theory and Monte Carlo method. The density of dislocations that provides correspondence between experimental and simulated reciprocal space maps is determined.

A new approach for determining the distribution of mean-square deformations in the local regions of single crystals and polycrystals based on the analysis of electron backscatter diffraction images is proposed. The degree of bands blurring in Kikuchi pattern is related with the deformation values, which are quantitatively described through the changes of average radial period and the radial distribution area for the energy spectrum of the image. It is shown that the complex use of the power Fourier spectrum method in addition to the two-dimensional Fourier transform method create additional opportunities for determination of the influence of technological parameters on the structural homogeneity and the degree of perfection of studied crystals.

W₂N thin films were prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The optical and electrical properties of the obtained thin films were investigated. The transmission spectra of thin films of tungsten nitride (deposited on glass substrates) were analyzed. The optical band gap is determined. The electrical resistance of the films is analyzed.

The temperature induced transition in one-dimensional bistable molecular magnetic systems with degenerate states is discussed. This phenomenon derives from the existence of two stable spin configurations in transition metallic ion, separated by an energy gap, that determines a certain spin state. A new microscopic model is proposed in order to account for the variation of molecular size in observed magnetic states. The behavior of 1D bistable molecular chain considering both structural and magnetic properties have been studied in framework of simple conception in which the molecules are strongly fixed on chain’s sites and are connected by springs.

The theoretical bases of mathematical modeling of nonisothermal adsorbtion and desorbtion in nanoporous catalytic zeolite media for the Langmuir’s nonlinear isotherm are given. They most fully determine the mechanism of adsorption equilibrium for nanoporous systems of ZSM-5 zeolite. The effective scheme of linearization of a nonlinear model is implemented. High-speed analytical solutions of the system of linearized boundary problems of adsorption and desorption in nanoporous media are justified and obtained using the Hevisides operational method.

The results of the study of the relationships between 3D divisions of the optical anisotropy parameters of polycrystalline networks of films of biological fluids of various biochemical composition and layer-by-layer phase cross sections of volume distributions of the magnitude and phase parameters of the "two-point" Stokes vector of a microscopic image are presented. In the framework of the statistical approach using scale-selective wavelet analysis, the values and ranges of statistical 1st-4th order changes are defined, which characterize: • distribution of the values of the modulus and phase of the parameters of the Stokes vector in various phase sections of the object field; • a set of values of the amplitudes of the wavelet coefficients for various scales of the geometric dimensions of the module maps and the phase of the degree of correlation of the parameters of the Stokes vector (DCS).

The materials of experimental testing of the Stokes-polarimetry method using a reference laser wave are presented. The results of layer-by-layer measurement of coordinate distributions of the magnitude of the ellipticity of the polarization of laser radiation converted by polycrystalline films of biological fluids are presented. In the framework of the statistical and cross-correlation approaches, the values and ranges of changes in the statistical and correlation moments of the 1st to 4th orders of magnitude characterizing the distribution of the ellipticity of the polarization of laser radiation converted by polycrystalline networks in different phase sections are determined.

The materials of experimental studies of the coordinate and statistical structure of the distributions of the degree of local depolarization of laser microscopic images of histological sections of a biopsy of the intestinal wall of patients with dolechosigma (group 2) are presented. The relationships between the values of the statistical moments characterizing the distribution of the degree of local depolarization of laser microscopic images of histological sections of the intestinal wall biopsy of sick patients in group 2 were established. From the standpoint of evidence-based medicine, an analysis was made of the operational characteristics of the strength of the method for measuring the distributions of the degree of local depolarization of laser microscopic images of histological sections of a biopsy of the intestinal wall of patients from group 2 based on the determination of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, predictability of a positive and predictability of a negative result.

The results of testing a new method of polarization-interference mapping of biological tissues (myocardium - “fibrillar optical anisotropic networks”) are presented. The relationships between the polarization (distribution of the Stokes vector parameters, azimuth and polarization ellipticity) and interference (distribution of the local contrast value) structure of the object field in the plane are revealed microscopic images of histological sections of biological tissues with different optical anisotropic architecture effect: ordered linear birefringent networks - the myocardial ventricle; disordered fibrillar myosin networks - the atria of the myocardium. Values and ranges of changes in the set of objective parameters characterizing random (statistical moments of the 1st - 4th orders), correlation (correlation moments of the 2nd and 4th order) and scale-self-similar (dispersion of the distribution of the logarithmic dependences of power spectra) the structure of the maps of the local contrast of interference patterns in the plane of polarization inhomogeneous microscopic images of histological sections of biological tissues with structured and parenchymal optically anisotropic components.

The data of statistical analysis in the differential diagnosis of the formation of hemorrhages of traumatic genesis, cerebral infarction, ischemic and hemorrhagic genesis, by the method of differential Mueller-matrix mapping of phase anisotropy: • Temporal dynamics of phase circular birefringence (PCB) maps of histological sections of the brain. • Temporal dynamics of phase linear birefringence (PLB) maps of histological sections of the brain.

The presented report contains the following materials and results: 1. The structural-logical scheme and design of studies using polarization-phase tomography methods of linear and circular birefringence and dichroism of the polycrystalline structure of histological sections of the brain. 2. Differential diagnosis of the formation of hemorrhages of traumatic origin, ischemic cerebral infarction and hemorrhagic genesis by differential Mueller-matrix mapping of phase anisotropy: • maps of circular birefringence (PCB) of brain histological sections and operational characteristics of the method of their statistical analysis; • maps of linear birefringence (PLB) of histological sections of the brain and operational characteristics of the method of their statistical analysis.

Methods and automated systems of direct and Mueller-matrix reproduction of optical anisotropy parameters (orientation of the fast axis and optical phase shift) of two-layer optically thin biological structures are represented. The pathological condition objective assessment is based on the multi-parameter analysis of statistical characteristics (estimates of starting moments of the first order and estimates of the central moments of the second to fourth orders) determined for the coordinate, autocorrelation distributions and logarithmic dependences of the power spectra of the distributions of reproducible anisotropy parameters biological layers. The accuracy of the suggested methods of polarized phase reproduction and analysis of the biological layers structure within the range of 83.7% to 95.3% is estimated.

The paper describes the design of a biologically inspired compound eye. It contains numerous optical channels like facets in a natural compound eye. Each facet has an optical system, several photodetectors with pre-amplifiers and a microcontroller with a multi-channel analog-to-digital converter. The signals coming from the photodetectors in each channel are amplified, converted into a digital form and processed by a microcontroller. All microcontrollers are attached to a microcontroller network. These microcontrollers can be reprogrammed to perform various image processing operations including spatial filtration, temporal filtration, correlation calculation, neural network simulation and others. It makes possible investigation and performance evaluation of the compound eye when all its facets perform parallel image processing and image analysis. The working prototype of this compound eye has demonstrated ability to measure distribution of speed and direction of optical flow thought its field of view. The possible improvements and possible applications of this design are also discussed.

Local skin temperature is one of the most sensitive parameters that is changed in cases of inflammations. The paper presents theoretical basis of the technique and the original device for temperature gradient measurements. Designed automated complex "Thermodyn" for remote non-contact diagnostics of inflammatory processes of the surfaces and in subcutaneous areas of human body can record and analyze received data. The results are displayed as tables and graphs that can be compared with standard values and in the most common cases the preliminary diagnoses can be made. The results of practical applications of this complex for various clinical cases were given.

The results of laser autofluorescence microscopy of the distribution of the intensity of the MLA of polycrystalline structures of biological tissue preparations are presented. The data of a statistical analysis of the distribution of the magnitude of the intensity of MLA networks of biological crystals of histological sections of tissues of the spleen and kidney with the parenchymal morphological structure of the dead with different levels of blood loss are presented.

This research contains the results: 1. of the method of Stokes-correlometric mapping, the physical processes of changes in optical anisotropy (distribution of optical axis directions and phase modulation) of biological structured (kidney) and parenchymal (liver) tissues of rat internal organs, which are caused by systemic pathology (diabetes), were identified and analyzed as part of a statistical analysis. 2. of the most sensitive parameters (statistical moments of the 1st – 4th orders of magnitude, the correlation moment of the 4th order) to changes in the distribution structure of the magnitude and phase of the SCS of the 3rd and 4th parameters of the “two-point” parameter of the Stokes polarization heterogeneous microscopic images of histological sections of healthy and diabetic rat kidney and liver tissues. 3. of social and legal aspects of implementation of methods for early diagnosis of systemic diseases in public society.

This research contains materials of experimental studies of the coordinate structure of the distribution of polarization ellipticity of spectral ("red"λ₁ = 0,632μm and "blue"λ₁ = 0,414μm) laser images of punctate samples of healthy (group I), preoperative (group II) patients and postoperative (group III) cancer patients. Two-dimensional distributions of elliptic polarization values of the "red" and "blue" laser images of punctate oncological patients of groups I, II and III are presented and analyzed. Samples of stationary values of the polarization ellipticity of laser images of punctate samples of three groups of oncological patients were studied and the patterns of their coordinate and spatial-frequency construction were established. On this basis, polarization criteria for the differentiation of laser images of patients of groups I, II and III are established. The ranges of changes in the statistical moments of the first and fourth orders of the coordinate distribution of polarization ellipticity (“red” λ₁= 0,632μm and “blue” λ₁=0,414μm) laser images were studied, and statistical criteria for the differentiation of laser images of patients A, B and C groups were established. Some legal aspects of labor adaptation revealed by the proposed diagnostic methods in labor and social collectives are considered.

This paper contains data of experimental studies of the coordinate structure of phase shift distributions between orthogonal polarization states of laser images of blood samples of preoperative (group A), postoperative (group B), postoperative with a course of chemotherapy (group C) cancer patients registered for different spectral ("red"λ₁=0,632μm and "blue"λ₂=0,414μm) ranges. Two-dimensional distributions of phase shifts between orthogonal polarization states of the “red” and “blue” laser images of cancer patients in groups A, B, and C are presented and analyzed. According to this results, phase criteria for the differentiation of laser images of unoperated, operated and operated patients with chemotherapy were established. Samples of the topological structure of phase shift distributions between orthogonal polarization states of laser images of blood samples of three groups of cancer patients were studied, and the patterns of their coordinate and spatial-frequency construction were established. According to this, the self-similarity of phase distributions (at different levels of their stationary values) of laser radiation in polarization images of blood samples of patients of A, B and C groups was studied.

This article contains: structural-logical scheme and analytical description of the differential diagnosis of aseptic and septic loosening of the artificial hip joint endoprosthesis using methods of spectral-selective laser autofluorescent microscopy of maps of coordinate distributions (MIF) and correlation (MCF) of fluorescence intensity of polycrystalline synovial fluid (SF) films; The results of a statistical analysis of the distributions of the MIF and MCF of polycrystalline films of SF patients from the control group and groups with different severity of the hip joint pathology; Results of establishing the strength of the method of spectral-selective laser autofluorescence microscopy of maps of coordinate distributions (MIF) and correlation (MCF) of the fluorescence intensity of polycrystalline films of SF hip joint.

Based on the theory of bioinertization, the authors prove that in the arterial bed in the proximal part of the capillaries, the mechanical work of the heart is converted to the energy of the surface tension of the blood mass. New biophysical mechanisms of microcirculation of blood, its movement along the venous system and lymphatic flow, carried out by the driving force of surface tension and red blood cells, are highlighted.

This paper provides a model description of the structure of a polycrystalline film of human blood plasma, considered in the form of two components - isotropic and anisotropic or crystalline. The main mechanisms of the processes by which a layer of human blood plasma converts laser radiation parameters linear birefringence of albumin and globulin crystals are considered. The method of Stokes - polarimetric mapping of polycrystalline networks of layers of human blood plasma is given. Experimental examples of the implementation of polarization mapping methods for microscopic images of blood plasma films of patients with various liver pathologies - non-alcoholic fatty disease and chronic hepatitis are presented. The basic operational characteristics (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy) of the strength of the Stokes - polarimetric mapping method are established.

The work combines methods of multidimensional polarization microscopy, statistical processing of data and algorithms of machine learning with the purpose of constructing a methodology for creation of intelligent systems for multi-level medical monitoring of joint lesions . The task of classifying the results of the study of biological materials for obtaining a diagnosis was solved. To obtain informative features, a model of biological tissue was developed and the main diagnostic parameters were determined (statistical moments of 1-4 orders of coordinate distributions of the values of azimuths and the ellipticity of polarization and their autocorrelation functions, as well as wavelet coefficients of the corresponding distributions). The classification of these data was provided on the raw input data and on generated data with different degree of overlapping classes by machine learning algorithms and inductive modeling.

Determination of praline concentration in samples of natural waters, based on the measurement value angle of the plane of polarization of radiation of a certain wavelength λ, which has been studied by the liquid thickness l = 5 sm was developed. Three wavelength λ = 400, 450, 500 nm were used. A series of reference samples was produced: aqueous solutions of L and D forms proline of a known concentration within c = (0.001 – 0,1) %. Based on these studies, for each λ gauge dependent quantities of angle α = f (c) was built. Using them and conducting measurements of angles α for the real natural environments, the possibility of determination of the concentration of proline in them was actualized. It was determined that in waters within the city of Chernivtsy and its surroundings occured proline of two forms: L and D, the concentration of which is within c = (0,005 - 0,094)%

The morphological and anizotropy characteristics of the left ventricle false chordae tendineae of human heart in the aspect of their anisotropic properties using spectroscopic-polarization methods was studied. There are given the results of statistical correlation structure of the spectral dependence of the two-dimensional Mueller matrix elements and phase shifts of histological sections of different morphological structure and physiological state. The relationship between the distribution of orientations of the optical axes birefringent miozyn fibrils with a set of statistical moments that characterize the distributions of Mueller matrix elements in different spectral ranges and half-width corresponding autocorrelation functions are established.

This work is devoted to the substantiation and selection of patients with breast cancer (BC) for the purpose of conducting expensive molecular genetic studies on genotyping. As diagnostic methods have been used ultraviolet spectrometry samples of blood plasma in the liquid state, infrared spectroscopy middle range (2,5 - 25 microns) dry residue of plasma polarization and laser diagnostic technique of thin histological sections of biological tissues. Obtained results showed that the use of spectrophotometry in the range of 1000-3000 cm^-1 allowed to establish quantitative parameters of the plasma absorption rate of blood of patients in the third group in different ranges, which would allow in the future to conduct an express analysis of the patient's condition (procedure screening) for further molecular-genetic typing on BRCA I and II.

The purpose of the study was to determine the histochemical and laser criteria for diagnosis of background, precancerous and endometrial cancer by the state of the cervical canal wall. The given data on the state of connective tissue in the endocervix can distinguish three differential prognostic possibilities: 1) prediction of the condition of the connective tissue of the endocervix of the normal endometrium without the possibility of differentiating the phases of the ovarian cycle; 2) prediction of the endocervix endotracheal connective tissue state of the endometrium as a separate process; 3) prediction for the condition of the connective tissue of the endocervix of the processes of expressed proliferation of the typical (glandular hyperplasia and glandular polyps) or atypical (adenocarcinoma) glandular first endometrial epithelial differentiation without the possibility of these processes among them. The stroke-scrape of the epithelium of the cervical canal (endocervix) allows the condition of the connective tissue to diagnose the processes of pronounced proliferation of the typical (hyperplasia, polyp) and atypical (adenocarcinoma) epithelium of the endometrium without the possibility of differentiating these processes among themselves.

The aim of this study was to use the spectrophotometry method to develop a diagnostic algorithm for blood studies and the content of douglas deepening in women with ovarian tumors. A comparative analysis of the blood of healthy women and patients with ovarian cancer revealed significantly greater optical anisotropy of the latter. Qualitative studies of polarization microscopic blood images revealed a very developed microcrystalline structure. Based on the study of blood and puncture and douglas deepening of healthy women and patients with benign and malignant tumors of the ovaries, using the method of laser polarimetry, experimentally developed and clinically tested photometric and polarization criteria indicating the presence of malignancy of the tumor.

The results of autofluorescence polarimetry of microscopic images of histological sections of tissues of rat internal organs are presented. The coordinate distributions of the magnitude of the 3rd and 4th parameters of the Stokes vector are investigated. In the framework of the statistical approach, the values and ranges of changes of the 1st - 4th statistical moments characterizing such parameters of microscopic images of healthy and sick (diabetes) rats were determined. The balanced accuracy of differentiation of this pathology was established by the method of autofluorescence polarimetry.

The study of water by gas discharge visualization (GDV) is becoming increasingly popular due to the need to obtain perfect water for consumption. In this regard, a method of studying the degree of water structure¹, which allows not only to determine the structural perfection of water, but also to study information effects on water, in particular distilled water^{2 - 5}, has been developed on the basis of the GDV method. However, it is known from untested sources that water is able to "remember" information that affects it. Thus, the purpose of the study was to determine the conditions under which the objective fixation of information-emotional impact on distilled water, in particular neutral, negative and positive. Keywords: human internal energy, visualization, degree of water structure.