Cellular-resolution in vivo imaging of human corneal microstructures plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of corneal disorders. It can also help evaluate the disease progression and the treatment response to different therapies. In this study, a new approach, polarization-dependent optical coherence microscope (POCM), was implemented to non-invasively image the microstructures of the human cornea in vivo. The approach leveraged the polarization propriety of light as well as the self-interference between the corneal surface and underlying layers to achieve high-contrast imaging of the human cornea. POCM achieved volumetric (500 x 500 x 2048 voxels) imaging of corneal microstructures over a field of view 0.5 x 0.5mm2 with a lateral resolution of ~2.2μm and a volume rate of 1Hz. While the system achieved a ~2.4μm axial resolution (in the cornea) with its standard reference arm, the self-interference approach enabled the highest axial resolution of 1.4μm enabled by the source and detector, making it possible to achieve high-contrast imaging of microstructures of the anterior cornea free of degradations from dispersion mismatch, eye motion, and corneal curvature.
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